The Smoke Signals Forgiveness Essay -- Sherman Alexie Films Movies Med

The Smoke Signals ForgivenessSmoke Signals, written by Sherman Alexie and directed by Chris Eyre, begins on July 4, 1976 on the Coeur d Alene Reservation. Arnold Joseph (Gary Farmer), drunk while celebrating the independence, lit off a firework and set the Builds-the-Fire residence on fire, killing the parents of doubting Thomas Builds-the Fire. umteen people were already asleep in the house when the fire started, so no one saw Arnolds mistake, which he kept a orphic from the whole reservation. Both Thomas Builds-the-Fire (Evan Adams) and schoolmaster Joseph (Adam Beach), Arnolds son, were saved from the burning house. Arnold ran to catch Thomas in his arms after Thomas was thrown from a window. Victor and Thomas grew up together. After the fire, Thomas was raised by his grandmother (Monique Mojica). Victor was raised by his draw Arnold and his mother Arlene (Tantoo Cardinal) in a family that was falling apart. After the fire, Arnold turned to alcohol to bury the guilt of acciden tally killing the Builds-the-Fire parents by burning down their house by accident. Arnolds potable was out of hand. Arnolds alcohol ended up causing him to abuse his family. He hit both Arlene and Victor. Arlene was also a drinker, but she realized that their alcoholism became a problem and told Arnold to stop drinking. Refusing the order, Arnold chose to leave his wife and son and move to Phoenix, AZ. For the next ten years, no one was to hear from him ever again. Growing up, Victor and Thomas didnt get a long so well. Thomas was often annoying and Victor just wanted to be left alone. Thomas often talked of Arnold and Victor never wanted to talk about his deserted father. The last thing that Victor wanted to do was talk about the father that bailed on... ...nts. The film moved in chronological order, so it naturally showed the different stages that Victor faced while dealing with his problems caused by his father. Seeing the sequence of events in this film could cause some of us to notice how similar situations in our lives relate to this. It is this issue of forgiveness that is the most valuable from this film. The viewer chamberpot arrive at from this by being able to notice how Victor got through his problems. If the viewer has problems of his or her own that are similar to this, then maybe the viewer can apply the films lessons to his or her life. The issue of forgiveness is the main point, but there are other great lessons and morals such as the importance of friendship, the danger of alcoholism, handling family conflicts, etc. Not to mention, there is a lot to be learned about Native American culture from this film.

A Good Man is Hard To Find: “Good” When Faced With Conflict Essay examp

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, there are eighty-one entries for the small and seemingly simple word, pricy. The first definition given defines pricey as an adjective meaning of a favorable character or tendency (Good). In this case a good soulfulness moldiness be someone who exhibits those qualities of favorable character. In the world of today, a subject of much debate has been the concept of what qualifies a person as a good person. In Flannery OConnors short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, the unnamed grandmother struggles to discover an individual with the traits of a good person both in others and ultimately, in herself. This is apparent when the grandmother suddenly repents and her good qualities show when the Misfit has a gun pointed to her head. Good qualities are found in a person if he is set about with a conflict. Flannery OConnor uses dark humor, chimerical characters and situations, and religious themes to lead the readers to an epiphany abou t their faith and their belief in God. Flannery OConnor uses dark humor and grotesque situations to grasp the readers attention. OConnor was born into a Catholic family in the predominantly Protestant Georgia. She learned shortly after her college education was contend that she suffered from lupus, an autoimmune disease that had killed her father ten years earlier (Meyer). She uses the dark humor and the grotesque characters and situations because she felt that people were actually truer and became good people when faced with conflicting situations. Her characters experience horrific moments that eventually leads to an epiphany. The belief in miracles and the good in people is what all people want to discover in others, just now for many ... ...rary Journal 36.1 (2003) 46+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2012.Good. 1a. Merriam-Webster. Online ed. 2012. N. pag. Web. 1 Apr. 2012.Hendricks, T.W. Flannery OConnors Spoiled Prophet. Modern Age 51.3-4 (2009) 202+. Literat ure Resource Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2012.Meyer, Michael. Introduction. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 362-67. Print.OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 367-77. Print.Owens, Mitchell. The Function of Signature in A Good Is Hard to Find.. Studies in Short parable 33.1 (Winter 1996) 101-106. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 61. Detroit Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2012.

The Millennium Bug :: Essays Papers

The Millennium Bug The millennial sun will first rise over human civilization in the independent state of Kirbati, a group of thirty low lying coral islands in the Pacific Ocean. Kirbati straddles the equator and the International Dateline halfway between Hawaii and Australia. For those who live in a world that relies on satellites, air, rail and ground transportation, manufacturing plants, electricity, heat, telephone, or TV, when the calendar clicks 99 to 00, we will learn a true millennial shift (Peterson).As the sun moves westward on January 1, 2000 and the date shifts silently within millions of computerized systems, we will begin to experience our computer dependent world in a sore way. At the stroke of midnight, the new millennium heralds the colossalest challenge to modern society that we have yet to face as a planetary community. Whether we experience this as chaos or social transformation will be influenced by what we do immediately.What is theY2K (Year 2000) problem? When computer systems were built in the 1960s and 1970s computer hardware was too expensive. To reduce costs, programmers looked for ways to reduce data storage requirements. It was common for year to be stored in databases in two design fields rather than four digits. Why is this a problem now? The systems built during this period were not very user friendly, but the computers were most sarcastic to business operations. Because these systems of the 1960s and 1970s were not designed to run in multiple centuries, most will either produce incorrect information or simply fail at the end of the century. It may not sound like much effort to fix these machines, but in fact, it involves a great deal of time and expense. The Gartner Group, a respected information technology researcher, estimates that it will cost as much as $600 billion worldwide. If the problem is not intercommunicate in time, the consequences could be catastrophic.There is currently widespread awarene ss that Y2K involves more than the failure of an individuals personal computer, or an incorrect date in a spreadsheet. It is now widely understood that Y2K could affect the lives of individuals, but exactly in what manner is unknown (Associated P 1). Today computers are used to prosecute most mechanical equipment that affects every aspect of our lives.

violence in movies Essay -- essays research papers

If you watch movies these days you know youre sure to see some sort of violence whether it be a killing, beating, or some kind of cruel act. Now every time you watch TV, you are likely to see a commercial promoting a modernistic movie with a catch denomination such as Scream or Fear. Whether you think these movies are necessary or not, production companies know they ordain force back the viewers and this is why they keep making them.I was observation a movie the other day, with my lovely girlfriend of course, by the name of The Matrix. The title caught both our eyes as we browsed the aisles of the movie store searching for something adept to watch. Seeing that my girlfriend does like violence in movies and thinks its unreal, it seemed like a good enough choice for me. The back of the box showed nothing of violence and the description gave no hints to shootings and killings. The beginning of the movie went well but about a fractional hour into it, as soon as we could blink our eyes, one of the characters pulls out about twelve machine guns planning to kill the whole city I guess. After blasting all 10,000 of the bullets into the ten guys he was trying to kill, my girlfriend got right up, marched over to the VCR in disgust, and pushed stop before I could get one word of protest out. As you can see, these days theres not much you can do to get away from watching a movie with even a little violence in it.Why is it that violence attracts us t...

true colors essay -- essays research papers

I am a lucky person. I was raised by a very caring pair of parents with 3 very good siblings in an extremely affluent town. I attended the scoop grammar and high schools in the state, continued on to graduate from one of the best universities in the world, and had no idea what to do next. My drive to excel was both internal and externalI really do love success, and I was equally pressured by outside sources to succeed. The advantages I was given served both to help me start ahead of others and stay ahead in life, and to cripple me once I had traveled through those first two decades worth of rites of passage. I lose long known that having so many opportunities had simply paralyzed my ability to pick one of them. tour I know that my grade school friends were raised in the same environment as I, I have always wondered why they dove quickly and headfirst into their careers while I spent a decade trying to make up my mind. This introductory psychology course is the final prerequisi te course I take before I begin medical school in less than one month. While I would have liked to have made this career decision ten years ago, I am glad to have experienced and wise(p) all that I have in my life, for those experiences serve to solidify my resolve in having chosen my future career. Fortunately (and unexpectedly), Carolyn Kalils book has helped me to understand myself and my decisions.I am GREEN. Very green. Actually, my girlfriend stated that I am anti-blue. She is probably right. I am rational, logical, love to find, diagnose and solve problems, and I love debate. My certain plan in life was to mystify a lawyer. I took the LSAT in my senior year of college, was accepted almost everywhere I wanted to go, but at the last minute freaked that I was making the wrong decision. My fear was two-fold was I making a rash decision, and would a career as an attorney allow adequate mental stimulation? I chose not to attend, instead embarking on a very several(predicate) p ath for the next ten years. My coin traits are very strong, though not as much as my green traits. My gold tendencies are loyalty, need for efficiency and responsibility. The description of the gold traits seemed to adequate me quite well, but the green traits are very overwhelmingly Me. I suppose were I somehow to acquire ... ... knowing how I feel in a given scenario. Furthermore, she has helped me to be considerably less frustrated by stupid people. She has taught me to accept that other people have different motivations, opinions and abilities and that mine should be mine and theirs should be theirs. It will be very interesting over the following days and weeks and months as I try to identify the color for those around me. This will be in part to satisfy my green needs (diagnose and problem solve) and partly to help me interact with the other people of different colors in my life. That is probably the most useful aspect of this bookunderstanding our interactions with those c losest to us. I will try to no longer become frustrated with blues, instead embrace their differing abilities and how they might complement my own. I will try to compete with the oranges, not against them. And I will try not to military capability the golds in my life to quickly adopt and adapt to my world views. I guess all that remains now is forcing all of those colors around me to translate this book so none will be offended when I call them a color.Kalil, Carolyn, Find Your True Colors to the Work You Love, Riverside, California, 1998.

true colors essay -- essays research papers

I am a lucky person. I was raised by a very feel for pair of parents with three very good siblings in an extremely affluent town. I attended the best grammar and high schools in the state, continued on to alumnus from one of the best universities in the world, and had no idea what to do bordering. My drive to excel was both internal and externalI really do dear success, but I was equally pressured by outside sources to succeed. The advantages I was given served both to help me start ahead of early(a)s and stay ahead in life, and to lame me once I had traveled through those first two decades worth of rites of passage. I pitch long known that having so more opportunities had simply paralyzed my ability to pick one of them. While I know that my grade school friends were raised in the same environment as I, I have always wondered why they dove quickly and headfirst into their gos while I spent a decade returning to make up my mind. This introductory psychology course is the fin al prerequisite course I take before I begin medical school in less(prenominal) than one month. While I would have liked to have made this career decision ten years ago, I am glad to have experienced and learned all that I have in my life, for those experiences serve to solidify my resolve in having chosen my future career. Fortunately (and unexpectedly), Carolyn Kalils disk has helped me to understand myself and my decisions.I am GREEN. Very green. Actually, my girlfriend stated that I am anti-blue. She is probably right. I am rational, logical, love to find, diagnose and solve problems, and I love debate. My original plan in life was to become a lawyer. I took the LSAT in my senior year of college, was accepted almost everywhere I wanted to go, but at the last minute freaked that I was making the wrong decision. My fear was two-fold was I making a rash decision, and would a career as an attorney allow adequate mental stimulation? I chose not to attend, instead embarking on a very assorted path for the next ten years. My gold traits are very strong, though not as much as my green traits. My gold tendencies are loyalty, need for efficiency and responsibility. The definition of the gold traits seemed to fit me quite well, but the green traits are very overwhelmingly Me. I suppose were I somehow to acquire ... ... knowing how I feel in a given scenario. Furthermore, she has helped me to be considerably less frustrated by stupid people. She has taught me to accept that other people have different motivations, opinions and abilities and that mine should be mine and theirs should be theirs. It will be very interesting over the following days and weeks and months as I examine to identify the colour in for those around me. This will be in part to satisfy my green needs (diagnose and problem solve) and partly to help me interact with the other people of different colors in my life. That is probably the most useful aspect of this bookunderstanding our interaction s with those closest to us. I will try to no longer become frustrated with blues, instead embrace their differing abilities and how they might complement my own. I will try to compete with the oranges, not against them. And I will try not to force the golds in my life to quickly adopt and adapt to my world views. I guess all that remains now is forcing all of those colors around me to read this book so none will be offended when I call them a color.Kalil, Carolyn, Find Your True Colors to the forge You Love, Riverside, California, 1998.

Article Review: Learning Organizations Essay

A scholarship organization is either organization that uses its power to become knowledge season managing to stay innovative enough to re distinguished competitive in a constantly ever-changing environment. Learning organizations have four main objectives To create a culture that not only encourages, but also supports an environment of continuous employee learning, critical thinking, and taking risk with new innovative ideas. Understands and allows mistakes while valuing employee contributions. Learns from their mistakes through experience, and experiment with these ideals Disseminate any new knowledge throughout the organization for rapid and successful implementation into the day-to-day activities. (BusinessDictionary.com, 2012)Article Studying the consanguinity between Components of the Learning Organization and Organizational Commitment (Forozandeh, Soleimani, Shah Nazari, & Nasri, 2011)Article SummaryOrganizational learning and the institutionalization of the learning orga nization atomic number 18 some of the most important factors of a successful melodic phrase organization in todays complicated, ever changing, and dynamic ball-shaped business environment. The major capital in any learning organization is its employees and their commitment to the organization. The purpose of the article being reviewed is to study the relationship among components of the organization (System thinking, team learning experiences, Personal masters, mental models, and their shared visions) and their organisational commitment. The data collection was completed using the descriptive-field method on a cement company located in Iran it consisted of 50 people, and was collected by subject matter of a retrospect in July of 2011. Based on the results of the survey, there is a noticeable and significant relationship among every component of the learning organization and their organisational commitment (Forozandeh, Soleimani, Shah Nazari, & Nasri, 2011).Authors Conclusionsan d RecommendationsThe authors of the article conclude that the results of their survey illustrate that the organizational commitment is one of the most important and effective factors in changing any organization to a learning organization. When the employees of a business have much of a commitment to the organization, the implementation of the learning organization is agreeed with more facilitation, or the employees are more open to the idea. The results show that managers who want to establish a learning organization should provide the means for commitment towards the organization as much as possible. This factor will also help increase job performance and progress as well as help managers in the transformation towards the learning organization. Creating a learning organization on the other hand develops more commitment of the employees towards the organization.Reviewers Conclusion and RecommendationsAfter reading the article, the authors conducted a survey to find the commitment to the organization and tried to establish how well the organization was creating an environment for a learning organization. Through a simple survey strand of 50 employees, the authors were able to establish a link between employee commitment and the basis of a learning organization. This shows an important link between innovation and a learning organization you have to have the commitment and dedication of the employees in order to implement an innovative and learning organization environment. Without the commitment of the employees (who are basically responsible for carrying out any new implementations), you cannot foster a learning environment, as you will have employees un instinctive to authorityicipate and be a part of the solution.This conclusion would be a factor for any organization in any business model to consider. In the new and ever changing global markets (as the market is no longer based on local or even continental markets), a company has no choice but to call for change and grow with the markets in an effort to remain innovative and competitive. To do this, you have to have a learning organization committed to and able to accept change. This will require a learning environment with the ability to learn and change as often as needed. In order to have a learningenvironment, you have to have employee commitmentHow these Concepts Apply to the Reviewers OrganizationThe concepts discussed in this article would apply to any organization in many ways. The organization I work for is in the food distribution business, and one thing that is neglecting is the ability to grow and become a learning organization. The organization is not impulsive to learn and grow with the ever-changing industry and as a result, they have begun to lose millions of dollars in business to their competition. One concept lacking in our business is the ability to change to meet the customers needs, they are only committed to their own wants. This environment is a perfect example for what a learning organization is not.Every suggestion to change given to upper management by the employees to help the organization or the employees are considered and essentially ignored. Some companies are not able or lack the ability to change with the environment, and shrinking sales and lack of employee commitment are the results. There is not a lack of trying from the employees, who value their jobs and want to see the company grow. However, you cannot foster a learning environment when you have a management system that is not willing to learn or change with their environment.ReferencesBusinessDictionary.com. (2012). Learning Organization. Retrieved from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/learning-organization.html Forozandeh, L., Soleimani, M., Shah Nazari, A., & Nasri, H. (2011, October). Studying the relationship between components of the learning organization and organizational commitment. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary seek in Business, 3(6 ), 497-509. Retrieved from UOP Library October 22, 2012

Analytics exercise: Quality Management †Toyota Essay

Discussion QuestionsDevelop diagram that summarizes what Toyota has done in response to it recent quality deny problems. Focus on the changes by functional area (i.e. Management, Product Design, Quality, and Manufacturing).Functional Area ActionsManagement Name a managing director to oversee all safety-related issues. Quality Launch a global database to track vehicle repairs and cut reporting times ab prohibited customer complaints from months to days. The foundation of Toyota Advanced Quality information Center. Extend deployment of rapidresponse teams to determine the causes of accidents beyond the US and Japan to other major markets, including China and Europe. Swift Market Analysis Response Team that they rolled out globally Manufacturing Assign 1000 engineers to spot-check quality and add at least four weeks to its new-car development scedules. Evaluate the statement in the case do by Toru Sakuragi. Is this a realistic strategy? Do you have suggestions for how the strategy mig ht be improved? The strategy to balance between pursuing the demand to cut costs to overcome the strong yen and the need to improve quality to prevent recalls is a realistic but difficult strategy if you run across at the long-term.Cutting costs and improving quality are both decisive factors for Toyotas survival. Toyota first built its reputation on quality, but seen the damage it suffered geezerhood ago, this strategy is determining if Toyota fanny make a remarkable recovery or not. Firstly, it needs to insure that quality is settled across all makes and models. They can continue to look for cost savings, but do so without sacrificing that baseline set of customer expectations. Secondly it should look for features that are no longer relevant, that customers no longer care about, and use this as a basis for cost cutting features. And finally it should look for points of innovation across its portfolio and it continue its role as a auto technology innovator, to stay competitive. Suggest improvements that you feel could be made to Toyotas quality program. Also, what might Toyota do to improve its image to the consumer relational to quality.

Dress code

Have you ever found yourself walking through the halls of a school and stretched out far beyond the opinion of your eyes, you obtain nothing but masses of students conformed into a single color or uniform? School range regulations accommodate long since been a field of study of compete amongst both students and faculty alike. In one school district after another, school uniforms are proposed as the solution. The real question is whether or not they rattling serve a functional purpose, and the cost/extent of having those rules in place.School dress codes impose on ceasedom of expression, is age consuming, underside be rattling costly and serve no functional purpose outside of school. Having a dress code (such as a uniform) is expensive and has no intent outside of school. Poor families may not have the money to pay uniforms and having that as a dress code may be more of a rag for them. They may depend on hand me downs or may buy fit out from second hand stores that do n ot provide uniforms. buying clothes that follow a dress code may also be more expensive because infantren may still want clothes that they can hold outside of school.Uniforms have no use out of school. It is not a casual outfit for going to the mall or park. It is not a worry suit that could be used for interviews and other occasions. Having a dress code causes the school to misuse its time. Dress codes are not enforced real well. rough teachers enforce following the dress code and others do not which presents miscommunication with students. Some students can get away with not following the dress code and others do not. When the dress code is enforced it wastes class time. It takes time away from the teacher and instructing the class.It takes away from the childs learning experience and the rest of the child companions learning experience. Dress codes have not been proving to help students academically, behaviorally, or socially which means there is no valid reason to have one . Having a dress code offends on an individuals personal right. The first amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exploit thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.Implementing a dress code on someone violates their right of the first amendment. Clothing is a way of expressing yourself. It allows people to experiment with their identities and a way to discover your inward self. egotism expression is very important to a childs development emotionally. In an effort to allow students their rights of expression, avoid costly and wasteful time outgo the use of school dress codes should be avoided. Dress codes are simply a way to give schools more power over students and to infringe on their creativity and freedom of expression.Dress codeHave you ever found yourself walking through the halls of a school and stretched out far beyond the sight of your eyes, you notice nothing but masses of students conformed into a single color or uniform? School dress codes have long since been a subject of debate amongst both students and faculty alike. In one school district after another, school uniforms are proposed as the solution. The real question is whether or not they actually serve a functional purpose, and the cost/extent of having those rules in place.School dress codes impose on freedom of expression, is time consuming, can be very costly and serve no functional purpose outside of school. Having a dress code (such as a uniform) is expensive and has no use outside of school. Poor families may not have the money to pay uniforms and having that as a dress code may be more of a hassle for them. They may depend on hand me downs or may buy clothes from second hand stores that do not provide uniforms. Buying clothes that follow a dress code may also be more expensive because children may still want clothes that they can wear outside of school.Uniforms have no use out of school. It is not a casual outfit for going to the mall or park. It is not a business suit that could be used for interviews and other occasions. Having a dress code causes the school to misuse its time. Dress codes are not enforced very well. Some teachers enforce following the dress code and others do not which presents miscommunication with students. Some students can get away with not following the dress code and others do not. When the dress code is enforced it wastes class time. It takes time away from the teacher and instructing the class.It takes away from the childs learning experience and the rest of the child peers learning experience. Dress codes have not been proving to help students academically, behaviorally, or socially which means there is no valid reason to have one. Having a dress code infringes on an individuals personal right. The first amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.Implementing a dress code on someone violates their right of the first amendment. Clothing is a way of expressing yourself. It allows people to experiment with their identities and a way to discover your inner self. Self expression is very important to a childs development emotionally. In an effort to allow students their rights of expression, avoid costly and wasteful time spending the use of school dress codes should be avoided. Dress codes are simply a way to give schools more power over students and to infringe on their creativity and freedom of expression.

Facial Identification Of Driver Fatigue Health And Social Care Essay

number one wood weariness is frequently one of the prima causes of traffic accidents. In this concluding twelvemonth undertaking, a computing mould quite a little attack which exploits the number one wood s facial look is considered, utilizing a combination of the genus Viola-Jones seem sleuthing technique and support vector automobiles to separate facial optical aspect and find the degree of weariness.Section 1 DescriptionIntroductionStatisticss show that driver weariness is frequently one of the prima causes of traffic accidents. Over the past few doddery ages, a batch of research and attempt has been put away in planing systems that monitor both driver and driving public presentation. A computing machine vision attack which exploits the driver s facial look is considered in this concluding twelvemonth undertaking. The Viola-Jones real-time object sensing model working on a boosted cascade of Haar ripple characteristics is adopted for reppresent sensing. To find the de gree of weariness, multiple characteristic categorization is so performed utilizing support vector machines. The motives for taking to overhaul the system in this mode be the rapid face sensing times coupled with the simple and inexpensive overall execution, avoiding the demand to put in expensive and complex hardw atomic number 18.Concise Literature ReviewThis subdivision gives a wide reappraisal of the literary work related to face sensing in fatigue detect systems and engineerings, concentrating peculiarly on what has been done in the field of driver weariness. In subdivision 1.2.1, several statistics of fatigue-related motor vehicle accidents are mentioned and analysed. Section 1.2.2 high espy some of the to a greater extent successful systems ( both commercial and non-commercial ) that have been implemented in recent sometime(a) ages. On the otherwise manus, subdivision 1.2.3 nowadayss an en light-heartedening overview of the algorithms and techniques typically utilis e in the development of such systems, particularly those refering to both face and facial characteristic sensing. Representative plants for each of these systems pass on be included.Statisticss Related to Driver FatigueDriver weariness has been one of the chief causes of route accidents and sympathetic deaths in recent old ages, and in this subdivision an effort is made to foreground some of the more of import statistics that demonstrate this negative tendency.The subject area highway art Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) 1 estimations that 2-23 % of all vehicle clangs can be attributed to driver weariness. either twelvemonth, around 100,000 traffic accidents and 71,000 hurts related to driver sleepiness are reported in the United States, out of which more than 1,300 are fatal 2 . The NHTSA 3 besides reports that in the twelvemonth 2005 entirely, there were about 5,000 route human deaths ( around 8.4 % ) which were caused either by driver inattention ( 5.8 % ) or sleepy an d deteriorate drive ( 2.6 % ) . Furthermore, 28 % of fatal traffic accidents were due to lane maintaining failure, one of the indirect effects of weariness on drivers, ensuing in the loss of 16,000 lives. Undoubtedly, hand transport drivers are more capable to tire chiefly because of the long hours travelled on main roads, taking to inevitable humdrum journeys. In fact, a stick to by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) 4 confirmed that weariness was the finding factor in 51 out of 87 instances of truck accidents.These dismaying statistics pointed to the demand to plan and implement systems capable of bring in and analyzing a driver s facial features or organic structure provinces and giving a warning signal at the first noticeable signalizes of weariness to seek and forestall the likely happening of an accident. In the following subdivision of this lit reappraisal, a image of these systems will be presented.Existing Fatigue monitor trunksMany different at tacks for systems undertaking the job of driver fatigue have been studied and implemented over the past few old ages. Earlier devices tended to be instead intrusive, necessitating physical contact to mensurate fatigue characteristics while driving. These characteristics included bosom rate variableness, abstract of encephalon signals every minute of arc good as the driver s physiological province. Other systems studied the relation of driver sleepiness to maneuvering clasp and vehicle executions, with some besides using lane tracking installations. However, the focal point nowadays is more towards independent non-intrusive systems that work in the background without deflecting the driver in any manner, able to observe and track brain and oculus motions by agencies of one or more cameras attach on the vehicle s splashboard. The mountain of merchandises tracking weariness have been designed for on-road vehicles, such as autos, trucks and engines, and these will be reviewed in th e undermentioned subdivision. In Section 1.2.2.2, other roles of weariness observe systems that have been deployed will be analysed.On-Road Fatigue monitor trunksCommercially Implemented ashessIn the system presented by Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc. 5 , a caput mounted device in the signifier of a baseball cap uses the encephalon s EEG ( Electroencephalography ) signals to mensurate weariness. Two electrodes inside the baseball cap are connected to the driver s scalp to capture these signals, directing them via wireless moving ridges to a processing device 20 pess off from the driver. Russian seller Neurocom marketed the Engine Driver Vigilance Telemetric Control organisation ( EDVTCS ) 6 for usage within the Russian railroad system. EDVTCS continuously track drivers physiological province by mensurating alterations in the electro cuticular activity ( EDA ) i.e. alterations in the pelt s opposition to electricity establish on the eccrine perspiration secretory organs of t he human organic structure, located chiefly on the thenar of our custodies and the colloidal suspensions of our pess.One of the first non-intrusive driver weariness supervising systems was ASTiD ( Advisory System for Tired Drivers ) 7 . It consists of an up-to-date knowledge-base notional account exposing a 24-hour anticipation form sing the possibility of the driver traveling to kip piece at the wheel, and a focus wheel detector system capable of placing humdrum driving intervals, such as those in main roads, every bit good as singular maneuvering motions as a proceeds of driver weariness. Lane trailing is another attack canvassn to place distraction forms while driving. SafeTRAC, by AssistWare Technology 8 , consists of a picture camera located on the windscreen of the vehicle ( confronting the route ) and a splashboard mounted having device to which it is connected. The camera is able to observe lane markers in roads and issues hearable, ocular or haptic warnings if fick le drive forms, such as changeless impetuss between lanes, are observed.Sing the issues encountered in earlier systems, more importance now started being habituated to systems that monitored driver head motions, face and facial characteristics. MINDS ( Micro none espial System ) , described in 9 , paths head place and motion, with caput nodding being the chief weariness characteristic used for find micro-sleep ( short periods of distraction ) while driving. Head motion is tracked by an array of three capacitance detectors located exclusively above the driver s cockpit. Yet another attack was taken by David Dinges and Richard forgiveness 10 at the Carnegie Mellon Research Institute ( CMRI ) in the development of the PERCLOS proctor, which determines the oculus closing per centum over clip for fatigue sensing. In 11 , PERCLOS is be as the proportion of clip the eyes are closed 80 % or more for a specified clip interval. flavourLAB 12 focal points on both face and oculus trailing, mensurating PERCLOS ( PERcentage of oculus CLOSure over clip ) and analyzing water chickweeds in existent clip ( including moment frequence and wink continuance ) . A important difference from other systems is that the absolute place of the eyelid, instead than the occlusion of the student, is used to mensurate oculus closing, insideng it much more accurate.The 2001 wake undertaking of the European Union 13 focused specifically on driver weariness, integrating many of the above mentioned steps. The chief end of this undertaking, ( its acronym standing for System for effectual Assessment of driver watchfulness and Warning Harmonizing to traffic hazard Estimation ) , was to supply research on the real-time, non-intrusive observe of the driver s up-to-date province and driving public presentation. Many spouses were involved in AWAKE, including developers, slayrs and providers of electronics, research institutes, universities, auto makers and terminal users. The undert aking s initial ends were those of accomplishing over 90 % dependability, a lower than 1 % false dismay rate and a user credence rate transcending 70 % .Car fabrication companies, such as Toyota, Nissan and DaimlerChrysler 9 are besides in the influence of developing their ain weariness supervising systems.Research Based SystemsMany research documents closely related to driver fatigue monitoring have been published in recent old ages. Assorted attacks have been proposed, among which skin coloring natural information has been really popular. Smith 14 nowadayss a system based on skin coloring bodily predicates to find weariness from oculus wink rate and caput rotary motion information. Similarly, in the gaze way monitoring system proposed by Wahlstrom et Al. 15 , coloring material predicates are used to turn up the lip part by finding those pels that match the needed coloring material values. Face extraction by skin coloring material cleavage utilizing the normalized RGB skin coloring material theoretical account is adopted in both 16 and 17 . Veeraraghavan and Papanikolopoulos 16 developed a system to observe forms of micro-sleep by continuously tracking the driver s eyes. PERCLOS is the fatigue characteristic measured in Aryuanto and Limpraptono s system 17 . Horng and subgenus Chen 18 attempted to utilize the HSI coloring material theoretical account to take the consequence of brightness from the image. political machine acquisition is another common attack to tire sensing. Yang et Al. 19 choose to follow a Bayesian Network based probabilistic model to find the fatigue degree. A Bayesian Network theoretical account is besides constructed in 20 , where Zhu and Lan track multiple ocular cues, including caput and oculus motions and facial looks via two cameras, one for the face and the other concentrating specifically on the eyes, every bit good as Infra-Red illuminators to illume up the needed countries of the face.A sickening meshwor k attack is adopted by DOrazio et Al. 21 and Ri close upiA et Al. 22 in their proposed systems. In 21 , the oculus is detected based on the border information of the flag, with its darker coloring material doing it much easier to turn up. A back extension anxious web is trained to sort the province of the eyes ( either unfastened or closed ) . On the other manus, in 22 , a intercrossed nervous web and a combination of the HMAX theoretical account and Viola-Jones sensor unneurotic with a Multi-Layer Perceptron ( MLP ) are used to turn up the face. The grade of caput rotary motion, oculus closing and oral exam cavity openness are the fatigue steps calculated.To sort driver public presentation informations, Liang et Al. 23 make usage of Support vector Machines ( SVMs ) . They focus on cognitive ( mental ) , instead than ocular driver distractions. For fast face and facial characteristic sensing, the method proposed by Viola and Jones affecting a boosted cascade of ch aracteristics based on Haar ripples is adopted in a figure of documents, including 24 and 25 . Often, a loanblend of techniques are used to obtain part consequences for driver weariness sensing. Saradadevi and Bajaj 26 usage Viola-Jones method for sass sensing and SVMs to right sort normal and suspire oral cavity cases. On the contrary, the one presented by Narole and Bajaj 27 combines pixel-based skin coloring material cleavage for face sensing and a mixture of nervous webs and familial algorithms to optimally find the weariness index, with the nervous web being given as initial input values for oculus closing and oscitance rate.Other Fatigue Monitoring SystemsAs with drivers in autos, pilots in aircrafts are obviously capable to tire, chiefly due to the drawn-out flight continuances. NTI Inc. and Science occupations planetary Corporation ( SAIC ) 28 designed the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool ( FAST ) , a system intended to track and foretell weariness degrees for U.S. Air Force pilots, based on the SAFTE ( Sleep, Activity, Fatigue and Task Effectiveness ) theoretical account created by Dr. Steven Hursh. Another application in which weariness monitoring is utile is in the bar of reckoner slew Syndrome 29 , a status caused by working for drawn-out hours in forepart of show devices, such as computing machine proctors. Matsushita et Al. 30 besides developed a wearable weariness monitoring system which detects marks of weariness based on caput motions.The broad intermixture of different applications developed to supervise weariness is an grounds of the turning importance of this field. The focal point in the following portion of the literature reappraisal will switch to the weariness analysis attack taken in this thesis the sensing of faces and their characteristics in images. The implicit in methods and algorithms typically used in this procedure will be discussed.Reappraisal on Face and Facial Feature detective work TechniquesKnowle dge-based methodsDetecting faces in knowledge-based techniques involves the encryption of a set of simple regulations specifying the features of the human face, including pixel strengths in the images and the places and correlativities between the different characteristics, since these are common to all human existences.In a knowledge-based method presented by Yang and Huang 31 , a hierarchy of grayscale images of different declarations together with three different classs of regulations are used. The images are analysed for possible face campaigners by using regulations that have to make with the cell strength distribution of the human face. An procession to this multi-resolution method was proposed by Kotropoulos and Pitas 32 . Alternatively of ciphering the mean pixel strength of each cell, merely those for each image row and column are computed, organizing rectangular and horizontal profiles severally.To vouch a high sensing rate, the regulations in knowledge-based methods must neither be excessively general nor excessively specific, and hence, the coevals of regulations for the face must be performed really carefully. Because of the complexness required in coding all possible face constellations, rule-based techniques do non provide for different face airss 33 , doing them by all odds inappropriate for weariness monitoring applications.Feature-based methodsFeature-based attacks to confront sensing differ in a important manner from rule-based techniques in that they foremost attempt to place a individual s facial properties and later find whether the latter are valid plenty to represent a human face, ensuing in the sensing of that face.Facial FeaturesThe presence of faces in images is frequently determined by trying to observe facial characteristics such as the eyes, nose and mouth. In a method presented by Sirehoy 34 , the egg-shaped nature of the human face is used as the footing for face sensing in grayscale images with littered backgrounds. Due to the different visual aspects of facial characteristics in images, Leung et Al. 35 usage a combination of several local characteristic sensors utilizing Gaussian derivative filters together with a statistical theoretical account of the geometrical distances between these characteristics to guarantee accurate face localisation. Han et Al. 36 , on the other manus, usage morphological operations that focus chiefly on the oculus part in their efforts to observe faces, based on the logical thinking that this is the most consistent facial part in different light conditions. A more robust and negotiable feature-based system was presented by Yow and Cipolla 37 . The theoretical account cognition of the face that is used screens a wider country, including the superciliums, eyes, nose and mouth. A figure of Partial Face Groups ( PFGs ) , tantamount to a subset of these characteristic points ( 4 ) , are used to provide for partial face occlusions.Face TextureAnother face cue that is used for sensing intents is its textural form, this being specific to worlds and hence easy discriminable from other forms. Manian and Ross 38 present an algorithm that uses the symmetricalness and uniformity of the facial form as the footing of sensing. Rikert et Al. 39 tackle texture-based sensing in a different manner, utilizing a statistical method that learns to correctly sort whether an image contains a face or non.Skin ColourMany plants related to human clamber coloring material as a face sensing cue have been presented in recent old ages. Detection can be either pixel-based or region-based. The former attack is normally taken, in which each pel is analysed and classified as either tegument or non-skin. Two chief picks are made during this procedure the coloring material infinite and tegument modeling method. Harmonizing to 40 , the normalized RGB, HSV and YCrCb coloring material infinites are typically used to pattern skin coloring material. nonemalized RGB 41 4 5 is reported to be consistent in different light conditions and face orientations. On the other manus, YCrCb 46 48 and HSV 49 51 are normally chosen since they specifically separate the luminosity and chrominance constituents of the images. In 40 , several other tegument patterning techniques normally adopted are mentioned.Template matching methodsAnother proposed method for face sensing involves the storage of forms of the face and its characteristics, which are so compared to existent face images and given a correlation value ( i.e. the degree of similarity between the existent image and the stored form ) . The higher this value, the greater is the opportunity that the image contains a face. plant life on pathfinder fiting techniques in recent old ages have focused both on fixed and variable-size ( deformable ) templets.Fixed-size TemplatesFengjun et Al. 52 and Ping et Al. 53 usage a combination of skin coloring material cleavage and templet matching for face sens ing. Two grayscale templets with predefined sizes one covering the whole face and the other concentrating merely on the part incorporating the two eyes are utilised in both systems. Fixed-size templets, although straightforward to implement, miss adaptability to different caput places since sensing is greatly change by the orientation defined in the templet.Deformable TemplatesAn improved templet matching method is one in which the templet can be altered to better reflect the input images and therefore would be able to place a wider assortment of faces in different airss. Yuille et Al. 54 propose deformable oculus and mouth templet matching in their work. Initially, the templets are parameterized through pre-processing to maneuver the expected form of both characteristics. The work presented by Lanitis et Al. 55 besides parameterizes the templets, concentrating on the coevals of flexible molded human face theoretical accounts through the usage of a Point Distribution Model ( PDM ) 56 which is trained on a figure of images per individual with characteristic fluctuations within and between faces.Appearance-based methodsRather than being based on a set of preset templets, appearance-based face sensing relies on machine larning techniques that find out the presence of faces and their major features after a procedure of developing on existent universe informations. One of the most widely adopted machine larning attacks for face sensing are nervous webs, chiefly because of the success they achieved in other applications affecting pattern acknowledgment. Rowley et Al. 57 propose a robust multi-layer multi-network nervous web that takes as input pre-processed 2020 grayscale pel images to which a filter is applied at each pel place, returning a face correlativity value from -1 to 1. The concealed beds of the nervous web are designed to supervise different shaped countries of the human face, such as both eyes utilizing a 205 pel window and single eyes and other characteristics with the 55 and 1010 Windowss. The web so outputs another mark finding the presence or otherwise of a face in a peculiar window.Yang et Al. 58 establish their system on a distributed Network of Winnows ( SNoW ) 59 . Two mark nodes ( linear units ) patterning face and non-face form characteristics are used in this instance. The active characteristics ( with binary representation ) in an input illustration are first identified and given as input to the web. The mark nodes are coupled via leaden borders to a subset of the characteristics. To update the weights for further preparation, the Winnow update regulation method developed by Littlestone 60 is adopted.A additive categorization technique in the signifier of Support Vector Machines ( SVMs ) was used to observe faces in an application presented by Osuna et al 61 in 1997. While the bulk of machine acquisition attacks ( including nervous webs ) effort to take down the empirical hazard , i.e. the error value in the preparation procedure, SVMs attempt to cut down the upper edge of the expected generalisation mistake in a procedure called structural hazard minimisation .Viola and Jones 62 present a rapid object sensing system holding face sensing as its motive. A important difference from other proposed systems is that rectangular characteristics, instead than pels, nowadays in the inputted grayscale images are used as the bases for categorization. This has the consequence of increasing the velocity of the overall procedure. Viola and Jones method will be discussed in item in the following chapter of this thesis.Purposes and AimsFamiliarization with the OpenCV tool.Literature Review about bing systems and methods to be used in this Dissertation.Fast face sensing utilizing Viola-Jones technique.Execution of multiple facial characteristics used to find the fatigue degree.Application of Support Vector Machine classifier to observe unsafe state of affairss such as driver ki ping etc. real-time execution of the proposed methods within OpenCV.MethodsViola-Jones technique for face sensing.Support vector machines to sort facial visual aspect ( e.g. open/closed eye/mouth ) .Features to be taken into consideration caput motion, oculus closing and frequence of oral cavity gap ( bespeaking yawning ) .Eye weariness steps include PERCLOS ( PERcentage Eye CLOSure over clip ) and AECS ( Average Eye solution Speed ) .EvaluationComparing the developed system to other systems found in literature in footings of preciseness, callback and truth.Deducing some trial informations on which the algorithms will be tested.test topics seeking out the application.Showing the consequences obtained.DeliverablesProgress Report.Review Report.2 page abstract for ICT Final YearA Student Projects Exhibition.Presentation Slides and Poster.Spiral and difficult edge transcripts of the Dissertation Report.C++ application, preparation and testing resources.Section 2 feat PlanWork done so farCollected and read several documents related to bing driver weariness systems and face sensing in general. finished the first bill of exchange of the literature reappraisal.Familiarized myself with the OpenCV environment.Used a webcam to capture two short cartridge holders inside a auto, one in sunny and the other in cloud-covered conditions.Collected 2000 positive and 4000 negative images for face sensing.Positive images 1500 taken from FERET grayscale face database, the other 500 from the captured cartridge holders. detrimental images created a C++ application to randomly choice non-relevant countries of the frames of the two captured cartridge holders.Created another C++ application to be able to harvest the positive images to bespeak merely the needed rectangular countries, bring forthing a text file to be used in the preparation procedure.Used this information to bring forth a classifier for faces in XML format with OpenCV s Haar preparation public-service corporation.Subtas ksCompute truth, preciseness and callback values for the face sensing preparation.Trial with new picture cartridge holders and observing the consequences obtained.Perform Cross Validation.Train the classifier for oral cavities, once more utilizing positive and negative images. For oculus sensing, an already generated classifier will be used.Extract characteristics from face, oculus and mouth sensing.Integrate and utilize a C++ library for support vector machines, such as libSVM, to sort facial visual aspect.Write Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Evaluation, Results, Future Work and Conclusion of the Dissertation Report.Write Review Report.Write 2 page abstract for ICT Final YearA Student Projects Exhibition.Work on Presentation Slides and Poster.Schedule ( Gantt Chart )Section 3 Mentions 1 D. Dinges, M. Mallis, G. Maislin and J. Powell ( 1998 ) . Concluding study Evaluation of Techniques for optic Measurement as an Index of Fatigue and the Basis for Alertness Management , U. S. Dept. Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, online , support accessed on 4th October 2010, forthcoming at hypertext transpose protocol //ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/edlbrow/7d01 .pdf 2 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( 2005 ) . 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History Extended Essay

History Extended Essay 20th Century Stalinist Architecture How did the creation of Stalins 7 Sisters transform metropolis of the Russian Federation into a contemporary city while at the same duration presenting Soviet Communism to the world 1947-1957? On the Cover (Figure 1) Kotelnicheskaya Embankment residential complex dominates over the Kremlin Cathedrals in capital of the Russian Federations apparent horizon. 1. Abstract Stalins seven-spot Sister makes (Vysotki) irreversibly transformed the vast skyline of capital of the Russian Federation, and eventually aided Stalin in his pursuit of a contemporary European city by and by World War II.Although these massive architectural masterpieces hold a legacy that resonates magnificence end-to-end the architectural aspects of Stalins era, the vii Sisters hold a disputable history behind them, engageing the fact that the hold needs of the proletariat were disregarded later on 1945 up until Khrushchevs epoch. I have thus dec ided to investigate the means in which Stalins 7 Sister constructs transformed capital of the Russian Federation into a moderne city whilst displaying Soviet communism to the world.Therefore, the subsequent question that comprehensively investigates the social, political and economic impacts of the sevener Sisters is How did the creation of Stalins Seven Sisters transform capital of the Russian Federation into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? This paper will investigate all the different aspects surrounding the creation of the Vysotki, and poll the subsequent impacts on Soviet culture.This will be achieved by analyzing various primary and secondary sources regarding the Seven Sisters, along with a comprehensive interpretation of a lecture given in the Moscow Shchusev Architectural Museum that I attended on October tenth, 2012. Although the progression of Moscow into a contemporary European city is characterized by numerous different aspects, including the Moscow thermionic tube system and other forms of Stalinist architecture, the Seven Sisters ultimately defined Moscow with an architectural legacy that remains translucent to present day.Therefore, Stalins Vysotki played a significant role in the creation of Moscow into a contemporary city, and presented Soviet Communism in Russia with architectural grandeur and magnificence. Abstract Word Count 271 2. Introduction How did the creation of Stalins Seven Sisters transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947 to 1957? In assemble to conceptualize the political, economic and social status of the Soviet conjugation later World War II, it is innate to evaluate the impact of the contend on the USSR in multiple aspects.In 1945, while the Red Army controlled all of Eastern Europe and occupied much(prenominal) cities as Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, Sofia, Budapest, Prague, Vienna an d Warsaw, much of Russias European cities lay destroyed from 4 years of war. The Soviet population suffered an estimated 25 million deaths during the course of the war a statistic that significantly exceeds the number of deaths of any other country in the world during the war. Similar to the decimation of its population, the Soviet Unions economy was substantially depleted after the war.Approximately one fourth of Russias capital resources were destroyed, subsequently causing a dramatic decrease in the Soviet Unions industrial and awkward output, contrary to the output goals trammel forth by the Five Year Plans. On the other hand, the political status of the Soviet government had relatively electropositive prospects, as the Soviet Union was virtually the only violence in Continental Europe to emerge from the war with the same political regime it had at the start of the war.Stalin remained in power throughout the course of the war, and essentially continued his oppressive rule af ter 1945, sending national minorities and even Soviet prisoners of war suspected of supporting fascism to mass exile. Despite the economic depression of the Soviet Union after World War II, Joseph Stalin thought the USSR needed a schema to glorify its capital, Moscow, to celebrate the great victory and send a message to its former allies who were rapidly becoming its geopolitical rivals the US and Western European Allies.Stalins architectural political theory at this point was non to resolve the crushing housing crisis and rebuild the devastated nation, but to spend a major set apart of government funding on the building of what would become Moscows Seven Sister buildings, or Vysotki (literally translated as high-rise buildings). The original planning for the Seven Sisters was based on Boris Iofans prize-winning plan for the Palace of Soviets building, a grand political edifice that was meant to exceed the Empire State Building in general height.Essentially, the creation of th e Vysotki would allow Stalin to leave his own personal imprint on the citys skyline, and to rival many other world powers at the snip such as Great Britain and the unite States, which had their own prized architectural landmarks recognized the world over. While the Palace of Soviets was never built, its construction repeatedly delayed by the onset of the war and diversion of steel to the munitions and weapons factories, the process did leave an indelible imprint on the city, as the monumental Cathedral of Christ the Savior was disunite down to make room for the Palace. . Background Information Figure 2 Ministry of exotic Affairs Figure 2 Ministry of exotic Affairs The erection of the Vysotki started in 1947, both years after the end of World War II. The prospective plans for the creation of the Seven Sisters included three ministries, three hotels and one multi-purpose governmental building. In terms of location, the general plan for the placement of the buildings was to ar range the Seven Sisters in a circle, surrounding the center of Moscow.This plan was done to aesthetically balance the skyline of Moscow, as wholesome-nigh of the buildings in the city at the time were at most six or seven stories in height. Strategically placing these huge, innovative structures as throughout the city would give Moscow a impudently aura to it after the war, and would essentially transform Moscow into a modern European city. The showtime of the Seven Sisters to be finished was the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building (see Figure 2), which was built from 1947 to 1954. The main architects behind this building were V. G. GelfreihandA. B.Minkus, and the creation of this building ultimately set the benchmark for the next six Vysotki, as it stood out in the city with both magnificence and its grand scale. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs building had certain rhetorical features that influenced the plans for the other six Vysotki, such as obelisks in the main entrance, the Soviet hammer and sickle on the sides of the building, and the massive spire on top of the rudimentary tower. The specific use of the hammer and sickle symbol on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building suggests the Soviet Unions strength, as it projected the power of the Soviet diplomacy world over.The building reached a broad(a) of 172 meters, including 27 stories, making it the tallest building in Moscow at the time. The second of the ministries, after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is the Red Gates (Krasniye Vorota) administrative building. Designed by Alexei Dushkin, this administrative building is 133 meters tall, containing 24 usable floors. The method in which this Vysotka was built is particularly innovative, as Dushkin proposed construct the building initially tilted to one side, so that the weak soil of Moscow would not have a damaging impact on the geomorphologic stability of the building.More than 200 holes were drilled and filled with ice under the foundatio n of the building, to maintain the soils strength while the building was being constructed. As this Vysotka concluded construction, the ice was deliberately melted and the tilted building shifted into an upright state, in which it currently stands. The purpose of this building was to house the Ministry of Railways, with whose officials Alexei Dushkin himself cooperated during the design and construction. Dushkin is known for the most part for his work on the Moscow Metro stations however, the Ministry of Railways holds a well-respected place in his architectural legacy.Although the initial plans for the Seven Sisters included three ministry buildings, only two were built, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Railways. The third ministry building was replaced by the Moscow State (Lomonosov) University building, upon Stalins demand. Drafted by Boris Iofan and inaugurated in 1953, the Lomonosov University building is 236 meters tall, with 36 floors. The sheer magnitude of this building dominated the Moscow skyline in its early years and is visible from many points of the city to this day. It still holds the title of being the worlds largest educational building.In this respect, Stalin partially achieved one of his objectives the recognition of Moscow as a contemporary European city on a global scale. 4. Influences of Stalinist Architecture In order to analyze the effect of the Seven Sisters on the transition of Moscow to a contemporary European city, it is essential to establish Stalinist Architecture as a short-lived architectural style that experienced a definite starting point and definite end. This aspect of Stalinist architecture is specifically unique, as other styles of architecture are typically dispersed throughout long periods of history, without defined start and end dates.Therefore, the defined beginning of Stalinist architecture, sometimes referred to as Stalinist Gothic or Socialist Classicism, originated in 1933, with Boris Iofans d esign for the massive Palace of Soviets building. Throughout a defined 20 year time period, Socialist Classicism reigned dominant in the Soviet Union as the preferred style of architecture. However, in 1955, two years after Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev issued a decree On Excesses in Architecture that deemed Stalinist architecture extinct and began the start of a new architectural age in Moscow and the substitute of the Soviet Union.Khrushchevs preferred style of architecture, compared to Stalins love for architectural magnificence and grandiose Roman Empire inspired design, was significantly more(prenominal) conservative, as Khrushchev and his administration focused on a pragmatic solution to the lack of housing for the masses in the Soviet Union. The architecture in Moscow after 1955 was consequently relatively simplistic and practical, and was ultimately defined by the khrushchyovka, 5 story, identical, pre-fabricated apartment buildings meant to house a significant amount of families in relatively derisory quarters.Named after Khruschev himself, the key element of these buildings was the rapid production of their concrete panels in manufacturing plants and rapid assembly on site. The intent of these buildings was to resolve the housing shortage rapidly, as their life span was projected as 40 years an architectural and construction strategy whose impact is now being acutely felt in modern Russia, as these building are now crumbling and require replacement.Figure 3 Boris Iofans winning design for the never-built Palace of Soviets Recreated in 3D guck as a modern rendering of what the building would look like if it were constructed20. Figure 3 Boris Iofans winning design for the never-built Palace of Soviets Recreated in 3D Max as a modern rendering of what the building would look like if it were constructed20. Shifting to the influences on Socialist Classicism as an architectural style, it is essential to consider the effect of Ancient Greek an d Roman style on Soviet Architects from 1933 to 1955.As Boris Iofans winning design for the Palace of Soviets building essentially defined the boundaries of Stalinist architecture, Iofans individual influences must be taken into consideration (see Figure 3). After visiting New York, Chicago, Rome and Berlin, Iofan remarked in an issue of the Soviet report Pravda that wherever I Iofan might travel, whatever I might see, I approached everything from a particular point of view what of all this has to be taken theme to the Soviet Union.Therefore, Iofans ideology essentially reflects upon Stalinist architecture with influences from American, Italian (subsequently Roman), and German architecture. Although Stalin marveled at the Seven Sisters and Iofans Palace of Soviets plan, he ultimately contradicted himself and disregarded Iofans work as being too cosmopolitan (Western-influenced) and lacking stylistic features individual to the Soviet Union. 5. Relevance of Stalinist ArchitectureIn order to esteem the relevance of Stalinist architecture between 1945-1957, it is important to put the events of the polar War into context. First of all, tension between the unify States and the Soviet Union ceaselessly rose from 1945 to 1957, starting with the disagreements between the USA and the USSR at the Yalta conference in February 1945 and the Potsdam conference in July 1945. For instance, at the Yalta conference, Roosevelt and Churchill did not accept Stalins proposal to usurp Eastern Poland.Furthermore, at the Potsdam conference, Stalin promised free elections past the Oder-Neisse line. However, free elections were never held and the Soviet government eventually persecuted Polish nationalists. In terms of economic reconstruction, the Soviet Union had joined the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1944. However, when the Soviet Union applied for a $6 one thousand thousand loan from the United States, America immediately imposed conditions on the lo an.These conditions included the opening of eastern European markets to American products, which in effect reflected the dollar diplomacy strategy of the United States using its economic power and intact industry to reach its geopolitical goals on the devastated European continent. Stalins reaction to the forced conditions on the six billion dollar loan was undoubtedly negative. However, the Soviet Union was in great need of funding after its economy was significantly depleted after the war.However, Stalin had controversial aims as to what would be done with all government funding regarding the reconstruction of Russia after World War II. With millions of people deceased and hundreds of thousands of homes destroyed, it is argued by many historians that the building of Khrushchyovka, small and simplistic residential buildings built to maximize housing space and housing multiple families in communal apartments, would more rapidly reconstruct Russia after the war.However, Stalin focus ed more on the creation of the Vysotki rather than Khrushchyovka, thus using a substantially larger portion of the governments money on expensive, grand buildings, yet not spending enough on building pragmatic housing solutions that would have helped a much larger share of Soviet population. For example, the entire city of Stalingrad took approximately 2 billion Russian rubles to completely reconstruct after the war, however in affinity, the Moscow State Lomonosov University building took approximately 2. 6 billion Russian rubles alone, approximating 415 million British pounds in contemporary monetary terms.Stalins method of spending billions of rubles on the building of the Seven Sisters was vastly controversial. Nonetheless, while he remained in power very few people dared to oppose any of his decisions or his architectural ideology. In other words, up until certify 1953, when Joseph Stalin died, Stalins cult of personality ultimately undermined any attempt to consider spendin g less governmental funds on the creation of the Vysotki. Public vista after Stalins death was split, as one side favored the Seven Sisters, claiming that the new high-rise buildings essentially beautified the capital of Soviet Russia.Many others agreed with the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that Stalins spending spree on a few grand buildings did not benefit the Soviet Union and ultimately did more damage than good. One simple reason to criticize the Seven Sister project is that two of the grand buildings were built as hotels Leningradskaya and Ukraine catering to foreign tourists. However, the Cold War tensions slowed any tourism from the West to a trickle and the two hotels stood largely vacant, while millions of Russians struggled without adequate housing, their homes destroyed in the war. 6.Incorporation of the Seven Sisters into the City of Moscow In the architectural realm of the Soviet Union, the main project was to rebuild Moscow in an innovative and idealistically planned manner. This massive project to rebuild Moscow was placed in the hands of the Communist Partys Central deputation, and in June 1931, a resolution was generated that essentially provided the guidelines of how each city was going to be rebuilt. The Union of Soviet Architects subsequently utilized these plans to determine the amounts of funding to be spent on the rebuilding of each Soviet city.Although the plans to reconstruct the city of Leningrad were considered the most prominent, the majority of funding was given to Moscow, as it was the nations capital. Therefore, the city of Moscow was to be deemed as the ideal socialist city, a utopia that reflected the ideology of Socialism and conveyed the positive link between architectural grandeur and Soviet achievements in all other realms of life education, government, science, industry and the arts. However this model of a socialist city contained numerous ironies, due to the General Plan for Moscows components.The plan envisi oned a relatively non-industrial landscape, as factories and other industrial plants were to be banned in central Moscow and mass housing (Kommunalka) significantly reduced. These plans, in effect, resembled the typical contemporary city of a capitalist society, such as the United States. Considering the incorporation of the Seven Sisters into Moscow in aesthetic terms, the general plans for rebuilding Moscow called for the Vysotki to be the predominant elements of the citys skyline.Relating rearward to the initial plans of the prospective Seven Sisters, the design consisted of the seven high-rise buildings to be aligned in a circular formation. Although this was mainly done in order to balance the skyline of Moscow, thus avoiding the clutter of skyscrapers in a condensed area, Stalin proposed that this circular formation would psychologically and visually coronate the capital city of Russia. The Seven Sisters, would therefore crown Moscow, representing architectural jewels, much l ike the composition of a literal crown.This idea of crowning Moscow suggests multiple things, including Stalins vision for Soviet pridefulness in the victory in World War II and nationalistic ideology, as well as the suggestion that Moscow with its Seven Sisters is superior and more grandiose in contrast with other contemporary European cities. Figure 4 Moscow State University (Lomonosov University) 7. Moscows Progression into a contemporaneous European City Figure 5 Moscow Metro, Kievskaya Station Figure 5 Moscow Metro, Kievskaya StationWith consideration to Moscows gradual progression into a contemporary European city, the Seven Sisters and numerous other architectural projects all contributed to the innovative re-imaging and rebuilding of Stalins showpiece city. Perhaps one of the most fantabulous aspects of Muscovite architecture in a way that affects the citys enormous 15 million population to this day is the Moscow city pipe system (see Figure 5). Initially opened for u se in 1935, the Moscow Metro was the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union.Although not only pragmatic in its use, moving close to 4 million people a day in 2012, the metro system in Moscow is famous for its stations architectural and artistic magnificence, complete with bronze chandeliers, marble floors and mosaic and sculptural art works unimaginable in the drab, utilitarian metro systems of New York or London. Furthermore, adding to the practicalities of the new Moscow, the urban planning of the city ultimately helped define Moscow as a modern European city. More specifically, it was the Moscow Master Plan of 1935 that ultimately outlined the way Moscow was to be reconstructed.Stalin instigated a numerable amount of changes to the urban planning of Moscow, which in turn support his funding of expensive ensemble projects, thus favoring luxury over the needs of millions of middle and lower class workers in the city. For instance, city blocks were to be increased from 2 hectares up to 15 hectares, and the population density was limited to 400 people per 1 hectare. Additionally, all new buildings were required to be at least 6 stories high, while first-rate streets (embankments) had to be 10 or 14 stories high.These new rules effectively banned the production of inexpensive and mass constructed housing units, as well as single-family houses. 8. Conclusion Figure 6 Triumph Palace Figure 6 Triumph Palace When evaluating the city of Moscow from an aesthetic point of view, it is the Seven Sisters that generally stand out most prominently among the vast skyline of Moscow. The Vysotki did not only leave a strong visual impact on the city, they also left both an architectural and social legacy that has proven to influence modern architecture throughout the world.There are numerous positive and negative impacts caused by the building of the Seven Sisters, which ultimately define the legacy of the massive Stalinist high-rises. First of all, Stalins Vyso tki delivered a newfound architectural magnificence into the capital city of Moscow. With influences from Ancient Greek and Roman architecture, the Seven Sisters gave the city a luxuriously grand aura. The stylistic features of the Seven Sister buildings have been repeated some(prenominal) times in modern architecture globally, thus proving to be an influential legacy left by the Vysotki.For instance, the Triumph Palace in Moscow, built in 2004, takes the architectural magnificence of the Vysotki and converts the features into a modern representation of a Seven Sister building (see Figure 6). This massive apartment building purposefully resembles a Seven Sister building, and is sometimes referred to as the Eighth Sister. However, relative to the issues challenging the nation at the time of the construction of Stalins Seven Sisters, the Vysotki left unreciprocated the more pragmatic and humanistic problems, as the housing crisis after World War II was not resolved.As mentioned prev iously, the total funding of the Lomonosov State University building exceeded the total funding for the reconstruction of the entire city of Stalingrad. Of course Stalingrad did not have nearly as many plans for grand buildings as Moscow, however the lack of housing in Stalingrad was resolved much more effectively than in Moscow, in light of a relatively lower need for funding in comparison with the capital city. In terms of Stalins architectural preferences, Moscow was to be reconstructed as the ideal socialist city, with all unattractive mass housing units moved to the outskirts of the city.Although these buildings eventually solved the issue of the lack of housing, the dull nature of the Khrushchyovka was criticized by many, claiming that the buildings constructed under Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev were aesthetically unpleasant. The method of constructing these mass housing units was parodied by the Soviet popular film Irony of Fate, which was produced in 1975, approximately 20 years after the initial implementation of these buildings.When determining the relevance of Stalins Seven Sister buildings, the question must be asked How did the creation of Stalins Seven Sisters transform Moscow into a contemporary city while simultaneously presenting Soviet Communism to the world from 1947-1957? Although the gradual transformation of Moscow into a modern European city is characterized by various different aspects, such as the urban planning and architecture of Moscow, the conclusion can be made that the Seven Sisters played a significant role in Moscows progression.To a large extent, the Vysotki helped define the city of Moscow with an architectural legacy, and also gave Moscow the distinguished individuality that Stalin pushed for. In some aspects, Stalins Seven Sisters ultimately gave Moscow what the Khrushchyovka could not, architectural gems that are world-renowned to this present day. Sources 1. Texts 1. Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 19 22-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. 2. amir Weiner, Making Sense of War The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton Princeton University Press (2001). 3. Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October tenth 2012. 4. Kiernan, Maria. 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Mottl, Lomonosov Moscow State University, September 21, 2012. Photograph. Own Work. 5. Fig. 5, A. Savin, Kievskaya Metro Station, 2010. Photograph. Own Work. 6. Fig. 6, Andreykov, Viktorenko Street 10, 2011. Photograph. Own Work. 1 . Fig. 1, Dmitry Chistoprudov, Misty Dawn Over Moscow Kotelnicheskaya Embankment, 2011. Photograph. Own Work. 2 . Mark Harrison. The Soviet Union after 1945 Economic Recovery and Political Repression. section of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. April 2012. Page 2. 3 . Andreev, EM, et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. 4 . Stalin, Joseph Molotov, Vyacheslav Kaganovich, Lazar Voroshilov, Kliment Ordzhonikidze, Sergo Kuibyshev, Valerian Yakovlev, Yakov Grinko, Grigoriy, From the First to the Second Five Year Plan.Moscow Co-operative Publis hing Society of Foreign Workers in the U. S. S. R. , 1933 5 . Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton Princeton University Press (2001). 6 . Kathleen Berton. Moscow An Architectural History. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977. Page 237. 7 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 8 . Kathleen Berton. Moscow An Architectural History. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977. Page 237. 9 .Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 10 . Fig. 2, Richard Anderson, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2009. Photograph. http//www. flickriver. com. 11 . Kiernan, Maria. Moscow A Guide to Soviet and Post-Soviet Architecture, Ellipis, London, 1998, p. 126. 12 . Kiernan, Maria. Moscow A Guide to Soviet and Post-Soviet Architecture, Ellipis, London, 1998, p. 12 6. 13 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 14 .Kiernan, Maria. Moscow A Guide to Soviet and Post-Soviet Architecture, Ellipis, London, 1998, p. 127. 15 . Russian , ? (Barzar, L. ), ?. ?. (M. A. Minkus), ?oscow, 1982. Page 66. 16 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 17 . William Craft Brumfield. Landmarks of Russian Architecture A Photographic Survey. Singapore Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1997. Page 231. 18 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 216. 19 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 20 . Fig. 3, Ilya Ilusenko, Palace of Soviets The Soviet Union 3D Max Rendering, May 11, 2012. Own Work. 21 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 8. 22 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 23 . Melvyn P. Leffler, Adherence to Agreements Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War,International Security, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Summer, 1986), pp. 88123 24 . Berthon, Simon Potts, Joanna (2007),Warlords An Extraordinary Re-creation of World WarII Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin, Da Capo Press. Page 285. 25 . Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007),From Roosevelt to Truman Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, Cambridge University Press.Page 101. 26 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 27 . Kathleen Berton. Moscow An Architectural Hi story. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977. 28 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 29 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 30 . Russian , ? (Barzar, L. ), ?. ?. (M. A.Minkus), ?oscow, 1982. 31 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 13. 32 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012. 33 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 14. 34 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia, Octob er 10th 2012. 35 . Fig. 4, Dmitry A. Mottl, Lomonosov Moscow State University, September 21, 2012. Photograph. Own Work. 36 . Fig. 5, A. Savin, Kievskaya Metro Station, 2010. Photograph. Own Work. 37 . Russian 70 , World Architecture Magazine, no. 14, 2005, . 3052 (Moscow Metro, 70 Years, pages 3052) 38 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. Page 216. 39 .Russian ? (?) 10 1935 ?. N 1435 ? (SNK and the Central Committee of the CPSU. July 10, 1935 N 1435 The Master Plan for Reconstruction of Moscow) 40 . Katerina Clark. Moscow, The Fourth Rome Stalinism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Evolution of Soviet Culture, 1931-1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2011. 41 . Fig. 6, Andreykov, Viktorenko Street 10, 2011. Photograph. Own Work 42 . Kustova, Anna. Moscows Seven Sisters. Lecture, Shchusev State Museum of Archit ecture, Moscow, Russia, October 10th 2012.