Heritage Tourism On Archaeological Sites In Egypt Tourism Essay

heritage touristry On Archaeological Sites In Egypt touristry EssayEgypt is fixed in the North- Eastern corner of Africa and South-Western Asia and is commonly known as The Motherland of the humans Land of Civilizations and The Greatest Power in Human History being reputable for its 7,000-year-old record of civilization and immense wealth of knowledge (SIS, 2011). Amongst wholly civilizations and nations, Egypt is known to be one of the conceptions oldest holidaymaker destinations, possessing one third of the worlds ancient monuments deep down its country. Besides its other archaeological and ethnical monuments, the disc everyplacey of the Pharaonic antiquities long time ago has added a special appeal to Egypt, therefore boosting Egypts touristry pains. However, with the thriving increase in Egypts touristry, conflicts and issues starts to surface concerning the attention and conservation of the ancient Egyptian archaeological sites and treasures.What determines Egyp t is its massive number of archaeological sites that wad be found alone over the country and of course, its extraordinary architectural and hereditary pattern attractions such as the legendary Pyramids of Giza, the world-famous Valley of the Kings and the temple at Abu Simbel. These well-known and remarkable sites ar the lifeblood of the countrys touristry industry where it attracts over 2 million visitors annually to Egypt (Boniface and Cooper, 2001).Despite being one of the most exceedingly industrialized country in the Arab region, Egypts petroleum and delivery is not sufficient to provide adequate amount of jobs to its population of 73 million (e.g. Boniface and Cooper, 2001 MINTEL, 2004). It is also mentioned by Weeks and Hetherington (2006) that touristry has been a key promoter in Egypts economy for about the last two centimeuries and over the last generation. It has beat a crucial component of the economy and is now the source of 45 percent of the countrys annual foreign currency earnings. Therefore touristry in Egypt plays a lively role of support for its economy where it benefits both the government and to all levels of the society.One of the main components of the tourism industry in Egypt is heritage tourism. Heritage itself as a concept has entered on to a global stage and penetrated into the local, regional and national bena (Burnett, 2001). The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) states that heritage and burnish stand become an important element in almost 40 per cent of all international trips taken (Timothy and Boyd, 2003) and despite of recession, heritage tourism s cashbox go along to grow (Hanna, 1993, cited in Timothy and Boyd, 2003). Throughout the world, ancient venues and archaeological monuments perplex become major tourism attractions (Laws, 2011) and one such destination is Egypt where the impacts of flourishing heritage tourism on ancient archaeological sites are apparent finished out the country.However, in spite of the thriving tourism industry in Egypt, conflicts and issues starts to arise that contradicts Egypts own tourism interest. In put together to maximize receipts from the tourism industry, Egypt implement the approach of opening more sites to visitors and promoting visits through advertising and high profile overseas tours of antiquities (Weeks and Hetherington, 2006). Ironically, the benefits of expanding Egypts tourism are being out weigh by the negative aspects. Lambert (2011) states that a bustling tourist industry is sadly known to be a double-edged sword. She added that, as most archaeological sites are very fragile and ancient, they were not meant to sustain thousands of visitors on a daily basis. The overcrowding of tourists visiting, touching and stepping onto these sites, are destroying m whatsoever archaeological attractions.One such incident happened in February of 1988. A chunk of limestone fell from the Egyptian Sphinx, the half lion, half man relic built by the ancient Egyptians over 4,000 years ago. Recently on January 2011, Egypts Supreme Council of Antiquities had announced plans to close the tomb of Tutankhamen to tourists by the end of the year. The tomb, which was discovered somewhat 89 years ago, was damaged as a result of the overpowering visits of tourist, particularly over the prehistoric three decades (http//www.redorbit.com).The mass tourism in Egypt has also impacted the Valley of the Kings, altering the forcible and natural aspects of the purlieu. According to Gaetano Palumbo, the programme director for North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia for the World Monuments Fund, a New York-based nonprofit dedicated to preserving and protecting endangered diachronic sites around the worldOne could say that, the heritage sites in Egypt are victims of their own success. In the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, visitor numbers agree almost doubled in the yesteryear 10 years, from 1.5 million to close to 3 million, with peaks o f 10,000 visitors a day. This creates massive problems in visitor management. Drastic terminations may see to be taken in order to regulate visitor numbers, including temporary or perm closures of ancient sites.Due to poor tourism and cultural heritage management, Bindlegas (1997) states that the decay of some of the worlds most pleasing ancient relics has been happening at a shocking rate. These major archaeological and cultural heritage sites represent the origins of human civilization and provide the best evidences of the historic and cultural development of humanity (Global Heritage Fund, 2010). If measures are not taken to start preserving and conserving the ancient monuments, it leave behind be completely destroyed in spite of appearance centuries.However, change magnitude the tourism receipts into Egypt and on the other hand, conserving these heritage sites is not as simple as it seems. Leask (2006) described that balancing the development of tourism opportunities and heritage conservation activities has been a continuous struggle for countries with tourism and cultural heritage management. The different parties involved are unable to decide on the same agreement, resulting in the wish of proper management that rear end benefit both the tourism and conservation of the ancient Egyptian archaeological sites and treasures.Therefore this paper aims to identify the variables that constitute and plug into to the impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in Egypt.AIMTo assess the impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in EgyptOBJECTIVES To review secondary publications about the environmental impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in Egypt.To study the conflict between heritage and tourism in Egypt.To assess the management and conservation of archaeological sites in Egypt.CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEWDEFINING TOURISMAccording to the Advance Release of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) World Tourism Baromete r, international tourism showed a strong recovery of almost 7% to 935 million in 2010, from the 4% decline during the global economic crisis in 2009. Through the decades, tourism is now known as one of the largest industry in the world, experiencing dynamic improvements and intense diversification, leading it to become one of the worlds fastest maturation economic area (e.g. Youell, 1998 World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2011)). Therefore, prior to assessing the impacts of heritage tourism on archaeological sites in Egypt, it is first essential to define and find the term tourism.Even in early researches, the term tourism had yielded, as many definitions as there were many studies of phenomenon (Cohen, 1974, cited in Wall and Mathieson, 2006). Guyer-Feuler who concentrated on the economical and statistical aspects of tourism, conceived the first definition of tourism in 1905, where it defined tourism asA phenomenon unique to modern time which is qualified on the peoples increas ing need for a change and relaxing, the wish of recognizing the beauties of nature and art and the belief that nature gives happiness to human beings and which helps nations and communities approaching to each other thank to the developments in commerce and industry and the communication and transportation tools becoming excellent. (Bahar, 2005 2, as cited in Esen and Uyar, 2010)The origin of the term tourism goes back to the 17th century where the ancestry word tour is derived from the Hebrew word torah which means learning and examining. People who were sent on a voyage to explore distant areas to learn the kindly activities of the population living in those places are known by the Hebrews as tourist and the behaviour as touring. (Bahar, 2005)Some other few pioneers who attempted to define tourism were Professor Hunzikar and Krapf (1941, cited in Holloway, 19941) of Berne University who states that it isThe sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of n on-resident, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected to any earning habit.Holloway (1994) then continues that tourism, besides being associated as a form of recreation or leisure it expertness be where individuals or a group of individuals travel away from home. However, Holloway (1994) also questioned the specificity of the statement on whether tourism is defined by its purpose or the outdistance travelled. Indeed, it is a common perception and a popular understanding amongst people that the central aspects of tourism evolves around holidays, leisure and tours, engaging in different kinds of activities to have a good time and as long as being in a foreign land, it is considered to be tourism regardless of the distance travelled. However, tourism is more than just a cursory explanation of leisure, recreation and being in a foreign land.In 1993, after much reviews, researches and further depth psychology on existing works of tourism definitions, the UNWTO (1993, cited in Youell, 19989), with co-operations from many international organizations, finally announced the officially accepted definition asthe activities of persons locomotion to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.Therefore with the multitude of tourism definitions given by researchers and studies, which of these, can academics, organizations and professionals use as an accurate guideline in the tourism industry? In spite of the existence of many variations of tourism definitions and the popularity of tourism studies in recent decades, it has been discussed and acknowledged by academic researchers, organizations and industry professionals that there has been no specific means in defining the principal concept of the term tourism due to its large complex nature of subject, involving diverse combinations of disciplines and industry sectors (e.g. Morley, 1990 Youell, 1998 Goeldner, Ritchie and McIntosh, 2000 Dredge and Jenkins, 2007).Moreover, regardless of the complications of specifying definitions for tourism, tourism is nothing without the tourists. The main itemor that drives tourism is the tourists who are travelling and therefore any effort to understand tourism as a concept has to first understand the motivations behind the tourists decision to travel. Also, the definition of tourism is dependent on an individuals perspectives and perception of tourism and also how it allow fit into a particular purpose or situation (Dredge and Jenkins, 2007). In addition, the changes of the different definitions since the early 1900s cashbox the present day demonstrates that tourism can no longer be associated to merely economics and geography (Arlt, 2010). As time passes with the continuous growth of the industry, researches into the concepts of tourism will persist to expand, yettually resulting in the creation of more definitions of tourism.IMPACTS O F TOURISMTourism is an integration of close interactions involving the dynamic relationships of different variables or elements in the tourism travel process and thus, it can never be a standalone unit. Hence, any changes or effects to a variable will create a wave effect within the whole tourism structure. With this, contributions made by the growth of the tourism industry will therefore lead to an change magnitude economic activity within the country. Countries are increasingly becoming dependent on tourism, as it is one of the most rational and sustainable development choices that have the capability of creating employment to the communities and also acting as a main provision of foreign earnings to the economy. (UNWTO, 2010 Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals)While it is often the economic impacts of tourism that businesses and public organizations that are usually interested in (Stynes, 1999), the late twentieth century saw the emergence of environmental and socio-c ultural impacts of tourism being controversial and critical issues discussed in tourism study (Youell, 1998). As the main objective of this paper aims to concentrate on the impacts of heritage tourism on the archaeological sites in Egypt, this naval division will therefore provide an overview of the positive and negative influences that tourism, in general, have on the economic, environment and socio- glossiness around the world.Economic ImpactsIt is predicted that by 2020, revenues earned from the tourism industry will be $1.5 trillion (Kumar and Prasad, n.d). Tourism being declared as one of the worlds largest industry is similar to any other businesses and industries affecting the economy by generating income for the countrys economy, stimulating job opportunities for the people from the international level down to the local levels. Increasing competiveness amongst countries has also pushed the business capacity of the tourism industry to the level of, or, sometimes even exceedi ng trade commodities such as oil and food exports (UNWTO, 2011).Tourism being a major player in the service sector is naturally dependent on labor therefore stimulating a great deal of employment opportunities both in developed and developing countries. The fact that tourism is an intergration of many various individual elements in a tourism travel process, the economic impacts from tourism will therefore affect industries in the twist sector, agriculture sector, commercial services sector such as retail and customer services and also the health and finance sector (e.g. Wall and Mathieson, 2006 -nder and Durgu, 2007). touring car expenditures contributing to the balance of payments through foreign exchange earnings, and revenue generated from tourism developments can represent a crucial source of income for a nations economy (Balaguer Cantavella-Jorda, 2002, cited in Seetanah, 2010). However on a negative note, seasonal tourism also known as induced employment, being influenced by the increase in the choose and supply of tourism causes the increase of low-paying jobs and often creating unemployment during off-peak seasons (Kreag, 2001). Peak periods of tourism can benefit the economy of a country, however on the expense of the locals, who might have to pay for the higher prices of goods and services in the community, thus increasing their cost of living. However, contributions of tourism to a countrys economic benefits is relative to factors such as the availability of facilities and resources, the countrys sociable and political stability, the host communities behavior towards tourist and the amount of investment injected by the government into tourism projects and development (Youell, 1998).Environmental ImpactsThe relationship between tourism and the physical environment, natural or man-made, is firmly interlinked and complicated. Controversial debates of tourism and the environment have been going on in determining whether they are friends or foes. The physical environment is an important aspect of tourism it ensures the sustainability of attracting tourism in the long run. In fact, it is impossible to define the different types of tourism without the inclusion of the environment (Safakli, n.d). A tourists decision to travel and the duration of stay depends on the physical environment of the destination. According to Olali (2000), the estimation given by academics states that in the next 100 years, the environment will be the only option that will determine the essential of tourism. The environmental impacts of tourism can be reason into two categories which are postive and negative impacts, and conclusion a balanced relationship with the environment is uncommon, if not, there is hardly a balanced relationship (Holden, 2000).The negative impacts of tourism on the environment caused by the increased in tourist visitations are visible through the changes, damages and depletion of natural resources, causing the destruction of wild life habitat, improper waste disposal, air and water pollutions, and also eroding of the natural landscape such as the mountains and historical sites (e.g. Youell, 1998 Holden, 2000 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2001 Wall and Mathieson, 2006). The lack of facilities and space to accommodate the increase in tourist visitations results in the overcrowding and the over usage of an environment, therefore also increasing improper waste disposal, loss of significant attractions and unethical behaviors due to the lack of supervision over the large number of visitors. The detrimental state of the environment will then lose its beauty and attractiveness to these tourists therefore causing a decline in tourist visitations.Despite of the attention on the negative impacts of tourism on the environment, there are still positive impacts of tourism that benefits the environment. Contradictory to the cause of adulteration of these natural resources, the motivating factor behind a t ourists decision to travel to these places are based on the sentimental attachment they have with the environments (Kreag, 2001). And because these environments are what attracted tourists visits in the first place, conservation efforts are heighened to keep them well managed, and protected from further deterioration. The positive environmental impacts of tourism are sometimes associated to the economic value of tourism earned revenue (Holden, 2000). The increase of tourism travel to a destination also increases the tourism funds flowing into the countrys economy. This additional funds allows governments to use the added revenue from its tourist industry to implement measures into proper management and invest in the restoration of the environment such as construction of new roads to accommodate overcrowding of vehicles, building and upgrading facilities to attract or accommodate the influx of visitors and installing modern technologies into the conservation and preservation of sens itive areas (e.g. UNEP, 2001 Kreag, 2001). And as tourism travel increases, the impacts on the environment are also increasing. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for government agencies and tourism organizations to focus on the preservation and conservation of the environment.When the environment is restored to its original state or even better, the flow of visitors into the destination will resume once again. However if there is a lack of proper management or close facilitation of the situation, the environment will eventually return back to its damaged state. The attempt to balance the positive and negative aspects of the impacts of tourism on the environment tends go round a venomous cycle. This is where the importance of strategic planning intervenes and it is a crucial part of sustainable tourism of a destination.Socio-cultural ImpactsThe inclusion of social impact studies is an essential criterion for any tourism industry and tourism government agencies planning for a sus tainable tourism industry as it provides an insight of the support for tourism development within host communities (e.g. Nyaupane and Thapa, 2006 Zhang et al., 2006 Tovar and Lockwood, 2008 Deery, Jago and Fredline, 2011). Social cultural impacts on a destinations society such as traditions, identity, lifestyle, values and customs, are the results of the direct and indirect interactions between the host communities, the tourists and the tourism industry. These impacts of tourism development on the local society are identified through the evaluation of residents perceptions and behaviors towards tourism (Tovar and Lockwood, 2008). Regardless of the magnitude of the fluctuations of tourism demand, the impact on the host community will not only be dependent on the number of tourist arrivals but the type of tourist (Holloway, 2002). Of which, these impacts can either have a positive or negative influence on the society.Firstly, improvements of infrastructures resulted from tourism deve lopment such as clean water and stable telecommunications, better transportation and banking services, and new business investments are positive impacts that contributes in enriching the local communities way of life (http//www.gawler.sa.gov.au). Tourism also helps in boosting the quality of life in the society and provides opportunities for locals to experience cultural exchange and interactions with the rest of the world. The accumulative experience gained from engaging in the cultural exchange with visitors enhances the host communities ability to interact well and confidently with future potential visitors in the long run. Having an influx of tourist arrivals to a destination can also encourage the preservation and conservation of cultural values and traditional customs which are in danger of losing its identity. The increased interest of tourists into the culture and traditions of the local society also helps to push the demand for historical and cultural education and local to urism agencies will be pressured to step up on preservation and conservation of possible endangered ancient sites, monuments or artifacts (Kreag, 2001).Despite of the positive and inspiring socio-cultural impacts of tourism on a host environment, the negative impacts of tourism, on the other hand, can equally cause a prominent damage on a culture. Ironically, instead of riviving a bemused culture, the continuous development of tourism driven by the influx of tourist demand can very well cause the same cultural identity and value of the host communities to change and this issue has raised concerns amongst tourism organizations. This normally happens when local communites conformed to the needs, wants and desires of tourists expectations in the bid to respond to their growing demands. As such, this conformity leads to the commercialization of local culture into a commodity and the modification of traditional art and craft forms, resulting it to become reconstructed ethnicity which m ight end up causing the eradication of cultural goods (www.coastlearn.org).One of the negative aspect on the social status of a culture is the social differences between the host and the tourists. According to Mathieson and Wall (2006), more often than not, social tensions between host communities and tourists happens in developing countries whereby the tourist market are from a country with higher foreign currency rate than the host communities and thus unintentionally highlighting the disparity of wealth. They also mentioned that since the nature of tourism involves the act of people around geographical locations, social conflicts occur as a result of differences in cultures, values, lifestyles and languages.TOURISM AND HERITAGEDefining Heritage in TourismWith the growth of the tourism sector, the types of tourist are also diversified and the collection of individual experiences of these tourists influence the different types of tourism offered today, thus the formation of the di fferent types of tourism (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). Heritage tourism has been one of the oldest forms of tourism offered since the early ages, however in recent years, it has grown to popularity in the industry. It is the inheritance of the unrepeatable growths of life from the past that is charge preserving for the benefits admiration and education of the current and future generations (e.g. Nurick, 2000 Timothy and Boyd, 2003 Sethi, 2005 National Trust, 2011). Heritage could be anything that is tangible or intangible left behind by the past such as archaeological or historical sites that have been preserved, natural landscapes which are of a destinations significance, artifacts and documents, culture, values and sometimes even the people of the past such as the indigenous people. However over the years, heritage has been modified and commercialized to suit tourists demand and expectations, allowing it to be more accessible, attractive, educational and entertaining (Fyall and Raki c, 2006). Heritage itself as a concept has entered on to a global stage and penetrated into the local, regional and national arena (Burnett, 2001). The World Tourism Organization (WTO) states that heritage and culture have become an important element in almost 40 per cent of all international trips taken and despite of recession, heritage tourism still continued to grow (Hanna, 1993, cited in Timothy and Boyd, 2003). The different types of heritage attractions offered now are varse and wide, examples includes natural history attractions, religious attractions, sociocultural attractions, art galaries, ancestral dwellings, and genocide monuments.Fyall and Rakic (2006) adds that the demand for heritage based tourism has been on the rise because Lowenthal (1979) states that peoples sentimental reminensce of the past is deeply affected by the parallel ongoing eradication of historical antiquities plot on the other hand, Hannabuss (1999) also claims that heritage enthusiasts are immersin g themsevles in heritage for the purpose of finding a rational explanation for their post-modern lives. With the controversial issues happening in everyday life, it is no wonder that heritage yields as a touchstone in reminding people the primary essence of life. Hence, an attempt to understand the demand of heritage tourism could best be determined by initiating a study on visitor psychographic characteristics as these visitors are the primary factors pushing the demand for heritage tourism. Determining the visitor demographics can also aid in better planning and management of visitor capacity control in relation to preservation and conservation of the heritage sites which will be discussed further in the next section.According to Hall and McArthur (1993a, as cited in Timothy and Boyd, 2003), the significance of heritage can be categorised into four different areas in relation to its economic, social, political and scientific significance. The economic significance of heritage ref ers to the value of the heritage to visitors, in ground of the amount of revenue earned from visitations to the sites. The social significance refers to the personal identification that individuals have to associate themselves with their heritage. In terms of its political significance, the representations of heritage can behave as an aid in managing political issues due to its political nature behind its existance. Finally, heritage educates visitors on its history, culture and the population of a destination. It also acts as a benchmark for ecological studies on the environments and ecosystems, therefore presenting itself as a scientific significance to the people (ibid.).Impacts of Tourism on HeritageThrough the globalisation and increasing competiveness of the tourism industry, governments, tourism organizations and agencies are continuously pushed into the whirlpool of sustainable tourism development. Bramwell and Lane (1993) states that sustainable tourism development can be implemented if the balance of the economic, environmental and social aspects of the development is realised.It is certain that every country in the world will definitely have a heritage land attached to them, however, what makes heritage tourism in a country unique is the exclusiveness of the actual heritage product itself. The characteristics and uniqueness of that particular heritage product dictates the different types of visitors and the demand of heritage tourism in the destination.With tourism, comes impacts. As mentioned in earlier sections, tourism impacts the economy, environment and the socialcultural aspects of a destination. Likewise, heritage tourism being categorised into the four different aspects of significance, will therefore impact the economy, evironment and socialcultural aspects of a destination. An influx of tourist visitations can positively or negatively affect the destination in many aspects. Prosperity of the economy, job creations, improved quality of l ife are some of the positive impacts whilst seasonal unemployment, social tensions, pollution of the environment are some of the negative impacts. However when it comes to heritage, tourism is known to be impacting the environmental and sociocultural aspect of the destination more often than the economical aspect, unless otherwise, the countrys tourism economy is highly dependent on heritage tourism. Tourism is known to have an intitmate relationship with the matters of heritage conservation and preservation a significant element in deciding the survival of a countrys heritageHence, the impacts caused by tourism on heritage sites are in ways similar to that of a natural environment (pollution, lost of habitat, lost of attractiveness), however, the results and repercussions are amplified due to the uniqueness of the heritage enviroment that can never have an exact replica elsewhere in the world.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKHeritage Sites in EgyptDemand of Tourism in EgyptIMPACTS OF TOURISM ON HERITAGE IN EGYPTPolitcal Issues in EgyptCHAPTER THREE ANALYSISGROWTH OF TOURISM IN EGYPTTourism and Heritage in EgyptThe term history can be best epitomized by the ancient Egyptian civilization than to any other ancient culture (Grimal, 1994). Egypt is probably the worlds oldest civilization from theNile Valleysince the 3,100 BC and is reputable for its extensive collection of historical record on civilization and the immense wealth of knowledge (SIS, 2011). fin thousand years ago, a glimpse start of Egyptss tourism began with the start of cruising (Goeldner, Ritchie and McIntosh, 2000). Queen Hatshepsuts first cruise journey is recorded on the walls of the Temple of Deit El Bahari in Luxor, where it states that the purpose of cruising at that era was for peace and tourism (ibid.).However the genesis of heritage tourism in Egypt could mainly be attributed by the shining and innovative grandeur infrastructure of the Pharaonic burial tombs such as the Sphinx and the other ancient Egyptian pyramids, which saw the first early arrivals of tourists. The start of tourism playing as a core role in the economy of Egypt came with the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 and after being announced by Khedive (Viceroy) Ismail that Egypt was to be part of Europe (www.thelonelyplanet.com). The Nile, Luxor, the ancient Pyramids of Giza and temples are what defines Egypt as a heritage destination.Egypts ancient civilization is an evidence of the evolution of mankind from the prehistoric days till the present. The rich history of Egypt acts as a connection to the distant past of humanity, which reveals mankinds greatest glories and achievements.Current Status of Egypts Tourism IndustryTourism in Egypt is a huge lucrative business that has flourish and become a major component in the economic development. Millions of tourists are travelling to Egypt each year, for the purpose of appreciating the teemingness of the natural and historical phenomenon within the country (www.gre enstarhotel.net). In 1995, international vis

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internet Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Dis gains Of Internet training Technology EssayRe await grass be defined as the wait for knowledge or as any systematic investigation to establish facts. The primary purpose for applied research as opposed to basic research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the forward motion of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe.Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the atomic number 18na of communication in the history of mankind. As with every single innovation, meshwork has its own advantages and disadvantages. But usually, greater magnitude of advantages outweighs its disadvantages.The word research is used to let on a number of similar and often overlapping activities involving a search for information. For example, each of the following activities involves such a search but the differences are of import and worth examining.Ten years ago, the term internet was practically anonymous to most of the people. And to daylight internet has become the most ever powerful lance for man throughout the world. The internet is a collection of various services and resources.Although, numerous people still think e-mail and World Wide weathervane as the principle constituents of internet, there is bevy more in store than e-mail, chat rooms, celebrity web sites and search engines. It also became the best business rooster of modern scenario. Today internet has brought a globe in a single room..AdvantagesThe Internet provides many facilities to the people. The main advantages of Internet are discussed belowInformationInformation is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a realistic treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any stem under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, yahoo is at your service on the Internet. You can almost find any lawsuit of data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking for. There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, recent ideas and technical support, the list is block up less.Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use the Internet for research for the purpose of gathering resources. Teachers have started giving assignments that require research on the Internet. Almost every coming day, researches on medical issues become much easier to locate. Numerous web sites available on the net are offering laden of information for people to research diseases and talk to doctors online at sites such as, Americas Doctor. During 1998 over 20 million people reported going online to restore health information.TimeA second advantage is that Internet-based survey research may sav e time for investigators. As already noted, online surveys allow a researcher to reach thousands of people with common characteristics in a short amount of time, despite possibly being separated by great geographic distances (Bachmann Elfrink, 1996 Garton et al., 2003 Taylor, 2000 Yun Trumbo, 2000). priceOnline survey researchers can also save money by moving to an electronic medium from a paper format (Bachmann Elfrink, 1996 Couper, 2000 Llieva et al., 2002 Yun Trumbo, 2000). Paper surveys tend to be costly, even when using a relatively small sample and the costs of a traditional large-scale survey using mailed doubtfulnessnaires can be enormous. The use of online surveys circumvents this problem by eliminating the need for paper and some former(a) costs, such as those incurred through postage, printing, and data entry (Llieva et al., 2002 Watt, 1999 Witmer et al., 1999).Access to Unique PopulationsOne advantage of online survey research is that it takes advantage of the abi lity of the Internet to provide access to groups and individuals who would be difficult, if not impossible, to reach through other channels (Garton, Haythornthwaite, Wellman, 1999 Wellman, 1997). In many cases, communities and groups exist only in cyberspace. For example, it would be difficult to find a large, concentrated group of people conducting face-to-face discussions of topics such as cyber-stalking, online stock trading, and the pros and cons of virtual dating. While people certainly discuss such issues among friends, family members, and co-workers, few meet face-to-face in large groups to discuss themCommunicationThe foremost target of internet has always been the communication. And internet has excelled beyond the expectations .Still innovations are going on to make it faster, more reliable. By the advent of computers Internet, our earth has reduced and has achieve the form of a global village.Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today for better communication, we can avail the facilities of e-mail we can chat for hours with our loved ones. There are plenty messenger services in offering. With help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts, can explore other cultures of divergent ethnicityCollection of InformationA lot of information of different types is stored on the web server on the Internet. It means that billions websites contain different information in the form of text and pictures. You can easily collect information on every topic of the world. For this purpose, special websites, called search engines are available on the Internet to search information of every topic of the world. The most popular search engines are altavista.com, search.com, yahoo.com, ask.com etcetera The scientists, writers, engineers and many other people use these search engines to collect latest information for different p urposes. Usually, the information on the Internet is free of cost. The information on the Internet is available 24 hours a dayOnline Airlines and Railway SchedulesMany Airline companies and Pakistan Railway provide their schedules of flights and trains respectively on the Internet.E-CommerceEcommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial manoeuvring, or business deals that involves the polish off of information across the globe via Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, almost anything. You name it and Ecommerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service leave alone make you available at your door steps. It has got a real amazing and wide range of products from household needs, technology to entertainmentSearching JobsYou can search different types of jobs all over the world, Most of the organizations/departments around the world, advertise their vacant vacancies on the Internet. The search engines are also used to search the jobs on Internet. You can apply for the required job through Internet.DisadvantagesInternet has many advantages but it also has some disadvantages. These are as followsAccuracy of InformationA lot of information about a particular topic is stored on the websites. Some of the information may be incorrect the correct information may be confused or not authentic.Wastage of timesA lot of time is wasted to collect the information on the Internet. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or to play games. At home and offices, most of the people use Internet without positive purpose.computer virus threatVirus is nothing but a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems. Computers attached to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk, causing you considerable headache.ImmoralitySome websites contains immoral materials in the form of text, pictures or movies etc. These websites damage the chara cter of new generationCONCLUSIONIn conclusion, internet data collection offers many advantages, but also has some disadvantages. Researchers must carefully consider their needs in light of the challenges and benefits it can present. Even though there are arguments against theft of personal information on the use of internet for research purposes, researchers may be experiencing grave danger as personal information such as name, address, bank details can be accessed by other culprits to make problems worse.Though, information are widely available on the internet making research less expensive in terms manpower hour used, the school of taught question the authenticity of some of the information available.Pornography is perhaps the biggest threat related to childrens healthy mental life. Very serious situations regarding the internet. There are thousands of grown sites on the internet that can be easily found and can be a detrimental factor to letting children use the internetAcademic s from different universities can come together to pursue the same research cost effectively, discussing on daily basis using video conferencing, virtual community etc. without moving out of their geographical locations all by the aid of internet technology.Though, internet can also create devastation, destruction and its misuse can be calamity, I can still argue that the advantages of it outweigh its disadvantages

No Universally Agreed Definition Of Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay

No Universally Agreed Definition Of Corporate neighborly office Management EssayWith no universally concur definition of Corporate Social Responsibility, myriad of call Corporate accountability, Corporate sustainability, Corporate citizenship or Sustainable accountable telephone line have been apply interchangeably to describe the practice of CSR. Basically, CSR is a discharge of duty towards society. problem and society be interrelated rather than being distinct entities and therefore, society has certain expectations for nominate business behaviour and outcomes ( woodland, 1991). According to Mallen Baker (2004), CSR is more or less how companies manage business operations to produce positive impact on society. Consequently, companies need to account for the bore of their management (both in terms of people and process) and the nature of and quantity of their impact on society in unhomogeneous areas.1In the 1950s, Howard Bowen first published a seminal book Social r esponsibilities of businessman in which he famously posed the question What responsibilities to society may businessman reasonably be anticipate to assume. This publication evidently marked the beginning of a modern era of CSR as it we know it today (Carroll, 1999). Since then, the notion of CSR has come to dominate the society-business interface and heterogeneous theories and concepts have been proposed. According to Bowen (1953), favorable responsibilities refer to the obligation of businessman to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to fol pocket-size those lines of action which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of our society.The most applied definition of CSR comes from Archie Carroll (1979) who argues that the social office of business encompasses economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. This show up encompasses a whole range of responsibilities of a firm. In the same ve in, Lichtenstein et al. (2004) and Lindgreen et al. (2008) consider that an organisation needs to define its role within the society and carry through the necessary ethical, responsible, legal and social standards to their firm. Conversely, Gssling and Vocht (2007) described CSR from a different viewpoint as an obligation of the business world to be accountable to its inbuilt stakeholder customers, employees, telephone lineholders, communities and ecological consideration in all aspects of their operations (Gokulsing, 2001).2.1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social PerformanceThe current globalisation trend and maturation demand from stakeholders towards companies to adopt CSR practices within their business strategy have indeed encouraged companies involvement in such practices (Chapple and Moon, 2005). Therefore, companies that are considered as socially responsible are experiencing triple bottom line benefits associated with such social initiatives. Additional ly, companies are not only assessed via handed-down achievement indicators but also by the focal point they interact with broad set of social demands. However, CSR being impossible to card (Van Beurden Gossling, 2008), an observable and measurable outcome of CSR term Corporate Social Performance (CSP) is utilise to capture the performance of CSR strategies within the society.Carroll (1979) vaguely defines CSP construct as a three dimensional influence that consisted of social debt instrument categories, social issues and philosophies of social responsiveness. twist on Carrolls attempt to define CSP, Wartick and Cochran (1985) offer a general framework of CSP by defining CSP influence as the beneathlying interaction among the principle of social responsibility, the process of social responsiveness and the policies developed to address social issues and show how several competing perspectives (economic responsibility, public responsibility, social responsiveness) can be inc orporated into his framework. Nevertheless, Wood (1991) argues that although Wartick and Cochran (1985) model is innovative, it is still incomplete. Wood (1991) declares that the term performance relates to actions and outcomes and not interaction and integration.Consequently, Wood (1991) refine Wartick and Cochrans (1985) model to integrate various theoretical perspectives into a coherent CSP model and as such, he defines CSP as a business organisations configuration of principles of social responsibility, process of social responsiveness and policies, programs and observable outcomes as they relate to the firms societal consanguinitys. Wood (1991) affirms that the principles of social responsibility operates at three levels specifically institutional, organizational and individuals. Conversely, Gond and Crane (2010) define CSP as an umbrella concept which includes organisational process of environmental assessment, stakeholder management and various measures of its external outp ut and societal manifestations (Orlitzky, 2008).2.1.2 Forms of CSR initiativesBasically, CSR includes a variety of socially responsible activities. Kotler and Lee (2005) identified six major initiatives under which most CSR related activities perish generating a positive impact on the familiarity. The six different forms of CSR initiatives are as follows2.1.3 Main approaches of CSRIn response to the question to whom an organisation has a responsibility, Marrewijk (2003) presents a sequence review of three corporate responsibility approaches Shareholder approach, Stakeholder approach and Societal approach.2.1.4 Factors influencing level of CSR activitiesReview of prior literature indicates that companies really differ in how they implement their CSR strategies. This can normally be explained using a range of company level attributes that influence the companys CSR participation. These attributes entailCompany sizeWaddock and Graves (1997) and Itkonen (2003) provide that company s ize is related to CSP since bigger companies have been found to be much socially responsible than smaller ones.Type of persistenceMcGuire et al. (2003) argues that the type of indus bear witness plays an grievous role in identifying the level of CSR activities. For instance, the CSR activities differ from manufacturing sector to service sector (Kolk, 2003).Financial riskOrlitzky and Benjamin (2001) stray that a company with low CSP shall consider and manage its social responsibility since such a company will have an adverse impact in terms of risk.2.1.5 Social Responsibility ModelsThe Pyramid of CSRThe professor Archie Carroll is one of the first academics to make a distinction mingled with different kinds of organisational responsibilities. This distinction is referred to as a firms pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. The pyramid implies a hierarchy of responsibilities moving from economic and legal through more socially oriented ones of ethical and philanthropic respo nsibilities (Carroll, 1979 1991).http//www.witszen.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/carrollCSR.jpgSource (http//www.witszen.com/how-companies-should-use-social-media-for-better-corporate-social-responsibility/)Economic ResponsibilitiesCarroll (1979) argues that business institutions are basic economic unit in society and have a responsibility that is economic in nature or kind. The economic responsibility is the most fundamental responsibility of a company which reflects the essence of a company as a profit-making business organisation. The remaining three kinds of social responsibility are based on the economic responsibilities. The economic responsibility implies that society expects business to produce those goods and services demanded and make a profit as an bonus or reward for the business efficiency and effectiveness.Legal ResponsibilitiesThe legal responsibilities entail expectations of legal compliance and playing the rules of the games. From this perspective, society expects business to fulfill its economic legation within the framework set forth by the societys legal system (Jamali, 2008). Crane and Matten (2004) encourage adds that all companies attempting to be socially responsible are necessitate to follow the law.Ethical ResponsibilitiesAccording to Schwartz (2011), the ethical responsibilities embody those standards, norms or expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, shareholders and the community regards as fair, just or in charge with the respect or protection of stakeholders moral rights. Therefore, society expects corporations to act ethically towards its stakeholders (Crane and Matten, 2004).Philanthropic ResponsibilitiesThese responsibilities which represents the smallest layer of the pyramid, involves the corporations willingness to enhance the quality of living of their stakeholders through charitable donations and organisational sustain that are entirely voluntary and seen as desirable by society. The philant hropic responsibilities are close totimes on the same level as ethical. However, the difference is that it is not seen as unethical behaviour if business does not contribute their money to humanitarian programmes (Carroll, 1991).Carrolls CSR Pyramid in Developing CountriesIn a review of CSR in developing countries, Visser (2006) bases himself on the empirical studies undertaken by Pinkston and Carroll (1994), Edmondson and Carroll (1999) and Burton et al. (2000) to underline the fact that culture may have an valuable influence on perceived CSR priorities. As such, the astray accepted Carrolls pyramid is revisited in the context of developing countries as shown belowSource Visser, W. (2006)Revisiting Carrolls CSR Pyramid An African Perspective, In E.R. Pedersen M. Huniche (eds.),Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countries, Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School PressVisser (2006) contends that the order of CSR layers in developing countries taken as relative emphasis assigned t o various responsibilities differs from Carrolls classic pyramid. Hence, in developing countries, rase if economic responsibilities still get the most emphasis, philanthropy is given the second highest priority followed by legal and then ethical responsibilities. This is explained partly by the traditional attachment to philanthropy by the fact that it is most direct way to improve living conditions in their immediate surroundings and also by a traditional culture of fatalism, dependence and assistance in developing countries (Ragodoo, 2009). Conversely, the pressure to comply with existing legislation is less as compared to the developed countries.Three heavens Model of CSRSchwartz and Carroll (2003) highlight certain limitations in Carrolls CSR pyramid. Firstly, the pyramid suggests a hierarchy of CSR domains whereby one may conclude that the domain at the top is more important than the domain at the base. This is clearly not the kind of CSR priorities that Carroll intended in his CSR pyramid. Secondly, the pyramid framework cannot fully capture the overlapping nature of CSR domains. Hence, extrapolating from Carrolls model, Schwartz and Carroll (2003) proposed an alternative approach to conceptualise CSR a three-domain model.The three-domain model is presented with three core domains of economic, legal and ethical responsibilities that are depicted in a venn model framework. Initially, it suggests that none of the CSR domains is prima facie more important or significant relative to the others. The venn model framework actually yields seven CSR categories from an overlap of the three core domains. However, the exception with this model is that the philanthropic category, if exist, is subsumed under the ethical and/or economic domains. The figure below illustrates the venn model framework originated from Schwartz and Carroll (2003) researchSource Management for Social Enterprise, Bob Doherty,George Foster,Chris Mason,John Meehan,Karon Meehan,Neil Rothero e,Maureen Royce2.2 CSR Reporting found on their research on CSR divine revelation, Holder-Webb et al. (2009) assert that it is not enough for corporations to simply engage in CSR activities but it is also important and desirable to make training about these activities available to stakeholders. Additionally, the call for disclosure of non-financial instruction has grown in response to the awareness that financial statement omits salient reading about the company (Adams et al. 2011). The financial statement actually portrays a limited picture of the company through providing merely financial metrics. Therefore, the relevance of non-financial information has increased markedly over the years. The emergence of non-financial describe can be seen as an attempt to increase transparency with respect to corporate actions concerning social and environmental issues (Nielsen Thomsen, 2007). Further, it is acknowledged that the disclosure of non-financial information is essential to reduce information asymmetry that exists between management and key stakeholders (Narayanan et al. 2000) as well as to allow togors to better assess key areas of performance and support a broader view of corporate performance that encompasses society at large (Holder-Webb et al. 2009).2.2.1 Motivation for CSR ReportingAlong with the increased interest to engage in CSR activities, today corporations across the world are more voluntarily disclosing information about their CSR performance. Undeniably, numerous motivational bases can explain companies involvement in CSR reporting practices.Threat to the organisations legitimacyThe legitimacy speculation posits that there is a social contract between companies and the society in which they operate (Deegan 2002 Mathew 1993 Patten 1992). Therefore, corporation try to legitimise their corporate actions by engaging in CSR reporting to get the approval from society and thus, ensuring their continuing existence (Belal, 2008).Increase access to cap ital and shareholder valueRoberts (1992) assert that one way that firms consider CSR disclosure is to increase access to capital and shareholder value by sateing stakeholders expectation. Investors are choosing to invest in organisation that is demonstrating a high level of CSR (Baron, 2008).Enhance corporate reputationBranco and Rodrigues (2008) argue that CSR disclosure (CSRD) is an important mechanism to enhance the effect of CSR on corporate reputation as well as representing a signal of improved social and environmental conduct. In their research on CSRD and corporate reputation, Bayoud et al. (2012) confirms that a high level of CSRD is strongly associated with corporate reputation for stakeholder group.Risk ManagementAccording to Kytle et al. (2005), reporting practices have become a key management hammer to the growing complexity to multinational business management. He further argues that reporting helps to integrate CSR activities into companies strategic risk management so that the impact of CSR activities can be maximised.Employee attraction, motivation and retentionWaddock et al (2002) argue that employees perceptions about how a corporation accepts and manages its responsibilities are often part of the employees decision about where to work. Therefore, publication of sustainability related information can play a role of positioning a company as an employer of choice and as such, this status can enhance loyalty, reduce staff turnover and increase a companys ability to attract and retain high quality employees (Group of 100 KPMG, 2008).Financial performanceMargolis and Walsh (2003) claim that corporations engagement in CSR activities and its disclosure can foster corporate performance and as such their research conclude a positive relationship between CSR performance and financial performance. Similarly, Balbanis, Philips and Lyall (1998) divulge that economic performance is related to both CSR performance and disclosure although having a weak relationship and lack of overall consistency.2.3 Theories on CSRVarious theories have been used over the years to demonstrate the behavior of economic units related to CSR issues. The relevant theories areAgency surmisalProponents of economic theories are among the first to write about corporate social involvement although considering it as a flaw in corporate thinking.Stewardship possible actionSocial contract theoryThe social contract theory begins in the classic period of history and takes its modern form in the 16th and 18th centuries with best known philosophers like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.Legitimacy theoryDeegan and Unerman (2006) assert that the legitimacy theory relies upon the notion that there is a social contract between an organisation and the society in which it operates. The social contract as explained by Deegan (2000), represents myriad of expectations that society has about how an organisation should conduct its operations.Stakeholder theoryFreeman (1984) arg ues that managers should not just focus on stockholders need, but rather must satisfy a variety of stakeholders. As such, the stakeholder theory is used to analyse those groups to whom a firm should be responsible (Moir, 2001).2.4 Corporate Financial PerformancePrice and Mueller (1986) assert that corporate financial performance (CFP) depicts the financial viability of an organisation. Therefore, corporations need to disseminate information about their financial performance as an account of managements stewardship as well as a means of assessing the entitys capacity to generate cashflows (Stein, 2000). Additionally, the financial performance is a subjective measure of the effectiveness with which an organisation makes use of its resources to attain its economic or financial goals.Basically, an organisations financial performance can be measured using three alternative approaches foodstuff-based measure, accounting-based measure and perceptual-based measure (Orlitzky, 2003). The ma rket measure focuses on the firms stock price to evaluate its financial performance. McGuire et al (1998) argue that the market measure represents investors evaluation of the ability of a firm to generate future economic earnings. Alternatively, the accounting-based measure captures the firms competitive effectiveness and internal efficiency as well as optimal utilisation of assets. This measure represents financial performance using three divisions (i) yield on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) (Waddock and Graves, 1997) (ii) profitability in absolute terms (Stanwick and Stanwick, 1998) and (iii) multiple accounting based measure with the overall office score of 0-10 (Moore, 2001). Finally, the perceptual measure uses subjective judgment about the firms financial performance which is provided by survey respondents (Wartick, 1988).2.4.1 Relationship between CSP and CFPThe nature of the relationship between a firms socially responsible behaviour and its financial performance h as extensively been debated till today and yet it remains unsolved (Margolis and Walsh, 2003). Preston and OBannon (1997) actually highlights two important issues in the relationship between CSP and CFP Direction and Causality of the relationship. The direction of the relationship can be positive, neutral or even negative.The positive direction of the relationship can be explained using the instrumental stakeholder theory. This theory suggests that the satisfaction of various stakeholder groups is instrumental for the organisational financial performance (Donaldson and Preston, 1995). Conversely, the negative relationship is based on the neoclassic economic theory which argues that a socially responsible firms costs are considered unnecessary and thus can lead to a competitive disadvantage such that a decrease in firms profit and shareholder wealth (Preston and OBannon, 1997). Finally, the neutral relationship between the two constructs, as provided by Waddock and Graves (1997) exi sts by coincidence. McWilliam and Siegel (2001) further explain that a company acting responsibly to customers can have different demand curve as compared to a less responsible one. Therefore, the CSR activities are only a way to attain differentiation and thus, do not impact on companys profit.The causality of the relationship as pointed out by Preston and OBannon (1997) actually denotes whether CSP or CFP is an independent or dependent variable. Therefore, in such a case, if CSP is an independent variable, it comes first to push CFP while if CSP is a dependent variable, CFP comes first to affect CSP. Such an argument is also raised by Griffin and Mahon (1997) who question whether a company is better off focusing on CSP or CFP first. In view of explaining the causality of the relationship, Waddock and Graves (1997) and Dean (1999) proposes two theories such as the slack resource theory and good management theory. The slack resource theory explains that a firm shall have good finan cial performance to contribute to the corporate social performance. It further posits that a company conducting social performance requires some funds that may result from the success of financial performance. Therefore, this theory argues that financial performance comes first and is an independent variable to affect CSP. Conversely, the good management theory argues that social performance actually comes first. This theory provides that CSP is an independent variable resulting in CFP and companies having good reputation achieve good financial position through market mechanism.2.5 Empirical review

A Man and His Family in movies Air Force One and Patriot Games :: Air Force Patriot Games Family Essays

A Man and His Family in movies Air Force one(a) and Patriot GamesAs soon as a patch gets married and begins his family, a certain protective instinct takes over. No matter what situation presents itself, a mans first thought is that of protecting his family from harm. The theme, although a mans job may be very important, his main concern in life is to protect his family, is shown in both of the movies Air Force One and Patriot Games. In both movies, a man and his family encounter terrorist actions in which the man has to put his familys lives before his own. The movie Air Force One begins with the President of the United States of America boarding the aircraft, Air Force One with his wife, daughter, and staff. honest after liftoff from Moscow, the plane is attacked and taken over by terrorists, who were smuggled onboard by a member of the presidents staff. As soon as this happened, the mystical service put the president into a small pod, which was designed to get the president off of the plane in case of an emergency. As they forced him into the pod, his solo concern was for his family. He yelled out Wheres my family? What about my family? (Air Force One). Secretly, the president got out of the pod to stay behind and save his family. The terrorists demanded that one of their cause leaders be released from jail. If he was not released, they were going to start killing the presidential staff, including the first family. The president remained hidden and secretly plotted how to get to his family and get over the terrorists. It finally came down to the president against the terrorists. The terrorists wanted the president to call the prison that their leader was in and have him released. If the president did not want to make the call, he had to choose to kill either his wife or his daughter. In the end, he decided to call the prison and release the terrorist over killing his family. This showed that the only matter that mattered to him was h is family. This same theme holds true for the movie Patriot Games. In this movie the main character is CIA agent Jack Ryan who, while on vacation in England, stops terrorists from killing a member of the Royal Family.

Gender Roles in Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Essay

Though usually viewed as a violent play about turbulent marriages, Edward Albees Whos appalled of Virginia Woolf? should be regarded as an proterozoic feminist text. Bonnie Finkelstein writes that the 1962 play portrays and analyzes the damaging effects of traditional, stereotypical gender roles, particularly for women the play serves to stopover out how unrealistic, useless and extraordinarily damning they ultimately are.Finkelstein notes that the 1963 publication of Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique unofficially began a re-evaluation of gender roles in the United States (Finkelstein 55). Friedan explores the idea that women motif more fulfillment in their lives than can be provided by the drudgery of childrearing and housekeeping. The book also carefully lays out what society has determined to be the nonesuch gender role requirements for womenThey could desire no greater destiny than to glory in their own femininity. Experts told them how to catch a man and keep him, how to breastfeed children and encompass their toilet traininghow to dress, look, and act more womanly and make marriage more excitingThey learned that truly feminine women do not pauperism careers, higher education, political rightsAll they had to do was perpetrate their lives from earliest girlhood to finding a husband and bearing children. (Friedan 15-16)And, more specificallyThe suburban homemakershe was healthy, beautiful, educated, concerned only about her husband, her children, her home. She had found received feminine fulfillment. (Friedan 18)Albee echoes this, noting by contrast what the ideal men and women in 1962 should be. In other words, his characters have failed at living up to gender roles and the play shows us how this quest has destroyed th... ...s flawed, proof that these gender roles are impossible to emulate. As Finkelstein notes, all four characters are afraid of Virginia Wolf, because she is, in 1962, the only icon of womanly equality society had. (Finkelst ein 64)Works CitedAlbee, Edward. Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? New York Atheneum House, 1962.Finkelstein, Bonnie Blumenthal. Albees Martha soulfulnesss Daughter, Someones Wife, No unmatchables Mother. American Drama (5) no. 1, Fall 1995. pg. 51-70.Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York WW. Norton & Company, 1963.Julier, Laura. Faces to the Dawn Female Characters in Albees Plays. Edward Albee Planned Wilderness. Interviews, Essays and Bibliography. ed. Patricia De La Fuente. Edinburg, Texas Pan American University Print Shop, 1980.Vogel, Paula. How I Learned to Drive. New York Dramatists Play Service, 1998. Gender Roles in Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? EssayThough usually viewed as a violent play about turbulent marriages, Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? should be regarded as an early feminist text. Bonnie Finkelstein writes that the 1962 play portrays and analyzes the damaging effects of traditional, stereotypical gender roles, particularly for women the play serves to point out how unrealistic, useless and extraordinarily damning they ultimately are.Finkelstein notes that the 1963 publication of Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique unofficially began a re-evaluation of gender roles in the United States (Finkelstein 55). Friedan explores the idea that women need more fulfillment in their lives than can be provided by the drudgery of childrearing and housekeeping. The book also carefully lays out what society has determined to be the ideal gender role requirements for womenThey could desire no greater destiny than to glory in their own femininity. Experts told them how to catch a man and keep him, how to breastfeed children and handle their toilet traininghow to dress, look, and act more feminine and make marriage more excitingThey learned that truly feminine women do not want careers, higher education, political rightsAll they had to do was devote their lives from earliest girlhood to finding a husband and bearing children. (Friedan 15-16)And, more specificallyThe suburban housewifeshe was healthy, beautiful, educated, concerned only about her husband, her children, her home. She had found true feminine fulfillment. (Friedan 18)Albee echoes this, noting by contrast what the ideal men and women in 1962 should be. In other words, his characters have failed at living up to gender roles and the play shows us how this quest has destroyed th... ...s flawed, proof that these gender roles are impossible to emulate. As Finkelstein notes, all four characters are afraid of Virginia Wolf, because she is, in 1962, the only icon of female equality society had. (Finkelstein 64)Works CitedAlbee, Edward. Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? New York Atheneum House, 1962.Finkelstein, Bonnie Blumenthal. Albees Martha Someones Daughter, Someones Wife, No Ones Mother. American Drama (5) no. 1, Fall 1995. pg. 51-70.Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York WW. Norton & Company, 1963.Julier, Laura. Faces to the Dawn Female Characters in Albees Plays. Edward Albee Planned Wilderness. Interviews, Essays and Bibliography. ed. Patricia De La Fuente. Edinburg, Texas Pan American University Print Shop, 1980.Vogel, Paula. How I Learned to Drive. New York Dramatists Play Service, 1998.

The Smoke Signals Forgiveness Essay -- Sherman Alexie Films Movies Med

The Smoke Signals ForgivenessSmoke Signals, written by Sherman Alexie and directed by Chris Eyre, begins on July 4, 1976 on the Coeur d Alene Reservation. Arnold Joseph (Gary Farmer), drunk while celebrating the independence, lit off a firework and set the Builds-the-Fire residence on fire, killing the parents of doubting Thomas Builds-the Fire. umteen people were already asleep in the house when the fire started, so no one saw Arnolds mistake, which he kept a orphic from the whole reservation. Both Thomas Builds-the-Fire (Evan Adams) and schoolmaster Joseph (Adam Beach), Arnolds son, were saved from the burning house. Arnold ran to catch Thomas in his arms after Thomas was thrown from a window. Victor and Thomas grew up together. After the fire, Thomas was raised by his grandmother (Monique Mojica). Victor was raised by his draw Arnold and his mother Arlene (Tantoo Cardinal) in a family that was falling apart. After the fire, Arnold turned to alcohol to bury the guilt of acciden tally killing the Builds-the-Fire parents by burning down their house by accident. Arnolds potable was out of hand. Arnolds alcohol ended up causing him to abuse his family. He hit both Arlene and Victor. Arlene was also a drinker, but she realized that their alcoholism became a problem and told Arnold to stop drinking. Refusing the order, Arnold chose to leave his wife and son and move to Phoenix, AZ. For the next ten years, no one was to hear from him ever again. Growing up, Victor and Thomas didnt get a long so well. Thomas was often annoying and Victor just wanted to be left alone. Thomas often talked of Arnold and Victor never wanted to talk about his deserted father. The last thing that Victor wanted to do was talk about the father that bailed on... ...nts. The film moved in chronological order, so it naturally showed the different stages that Victor faced while dealing with his problems caused by his father. Seeing the sequence of events in this film could cause some of us to notice how similar situations in our lives relate to this. It is this issue of forgiveness that is the most valuable from this film. The viewer chamberpot arrive at from this by being able to notice how Victor got through his problems. If the viewer has problems of his or her own that are similar to this, then maybe the viewer can apply the films lessons to his or her life. The issue of forgiveness is the main point, but there are other great lessons and morals such as the importance of friendship, the danger of alcoholism, handling family conflicts, etc. Not to mention, there is a lot to be learned about Native American culture from this film.

A Good Man is Hard To Find: “Good” When Faced With Conflict Essay examp

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, there are eighty-one entries for the small and seemingly simple word, pricy. The first definition given defines pricey as an adjective meaning of a favorable character or tendency (Good). In this case a good soulfulness moldiness be someone who exhibits those qualities of favorable character. In the world of today, a subject of much debate has been the concept of what qualifies a person as a good person. In Flannery OConnors short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, the unnamed grandmother struggles to discover an individual with the traits of a good person both in others and ultimately, in herself. This is apparent when the grandmother suddenly repents and her good qualities show when the Misfit has a gun pointed to her head. Good qualities are found in a person if he is set about with a conflict. Flannery OConnor uses dark humor, chimerical characters and situations, and religious themes to lead the readers to an epiphany abou t their faith and their belief in God. Flannery OConnor uses dark humor and grotesque situations to grasp the readers attention. OConnor was born into a Catholic family in the predominantly Protestant Georgia. She learned shortly after her college education was contend that she suffered from lupus, an autoimmune disease that had killed her father ten years earlier (Meyer). She uses the dark humor and the grotesque characters and situations because she felt that people were actually truer and became good people when faced with conflicting situations. Her characters experience horrific moments that eventually leads to an epiphany. The belief in miracles and the good in people is what all people want to discover in others, just now for many ... ...rary Journal 36.1 (2003) 46+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2012.Good. 1a. Merriam-Webster. Online ed. 2012. N. pag. Web. 1 Apr. 2012.Hendricks, T.W. Flannery OConnors Spoiled Prophet. Modern Age 51.3-4 (2009) 202+. Literat ure Resource Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2012.Meyer, Michael. Introduction. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 362-67. Print.OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 367-77. Print.Owens, Mitchell. The Function of Signature in A Good Is Hard to Find.. Studies in Short parable 33.1 (Winter 1996) 101-106. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 61. Detroit Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2012.